Geographic routing engine

ABSTRACT

A server within an on-demand computing services environment may receive a request to determine a route that involves a set of geographic locations. The server may identify pre-computed path information suitable for responding to the request. A route may be determined based on the identified information, and route information may be transmitted in response to the request.

COPYRIGHT NOTICE

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains materialwhich is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has noobjection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent documentor the patent disclosure as it appears in the United States Patent andTrademark Office patent file or records but otherwise reserves allcopyright rights whatsoever.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending and commonlyassigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/236,490, filed Dec. 29,2018, titled “USING A GEO-LOCATOR SERVICE AND ZONE SERVERS TO REDUCECOMPUTER RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS FOR DETERMINING HIGH-QUALITY SOLUTIONS TOROUTING PROBLEMS”, by Stewart et al., which is a continuation of U.S.Pat. No. 10,274,326, filed Aug. 2, 2018, titled “Using a geo-locatorservice and zone servers to reduce computer resource requirements fordetermining high-quality solutions to routing problems”, by Stewart etal., both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in theirentirety and for all purposes. This application is also acontinuation-in-part of co-pending and commonly assigned U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/236,644, filed Dec. 31, 2018, titled “USINGDETERMINED OPTIMIZED TIME WINDOWS FOR PRECOMPUTING OPTIMAL PATH MATRICESTO REDUCE COMPUTER RESOURCE USAGE”, by Stewart et al., which is acontinuation of U.S. Pat. No. 10,242,571, filed Aug. 2, 2018, by Stewartet al., both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in theirentirety and for all purposes.

FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY

The present invention generally relates to approaches for solvingrouting problems, such as vehicle routing problems.

BACKGROUND

Software which is configured to provide solutions to vehicle routingproblems is increasingly ubiquitous. Most smart phones offer access tosimplistic routing software which can be used to generate and display anoptimized route for a user's vehicle.

However, conventional approaches used by typical routing softwarepresent a number of problems, particularly when consideringdetermination of routing solutions for more complicated or complexrouting problems, such as those involving a large number of locations ora large geographical area.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The included drawings are for illustrative purposes and serve only toprovide examples of possible structures and operations for the disclosedinventive systems, apparatus, methods and computer program products forsolving routing problems. These drawings in no way limit any changes inform and detail that may be made by one skilled in the art withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the disclosed implementations.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a graphical user interface for anexample of software configured to provide solutions to routing problems.

FIG. 2 illustrates a portion of a road network from the graphical userinterface of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 illustrates road segments from the graphical user interface ofFIG. 1.

FIG. 4 illustrates road segments connected at connections points.

FIG. 5 illustrates a road segment characterized by two end points.

FIG. 6 illustrates multiple road segments, each characterized by two endpoints.

FIG. 7 illustrates a table of road segments from FIG. 6 and theircorresponding distances.

FIG. 8 illustrates a first potential path between points F and C.

FIG. 9 illustrates a second potential path between points F and C.

FIG. 10 illustrates a third potential path between points F and C.

FIG. 11 illustrates a fourth potential path between points F and C.

FIG. 12 illustrates total distance summations for potential paths.

FIG. 13 illustrates a shortest path identification from the distancesummations.

FIG. 14 illustrates a flow for determining a shortest path.

FIG. 15 illustrates a table of estimated travel times based on speedlimits of the road segments.

FIG. 16 illustrates calculation of estimated travel times for potentialpaths.

FIG. 17 illustrates estimated travel times and total distances forpotential paths.

FIG. 18 illustrates determination of a preferred path.

FIG. 19 illustrates determination of a preferred path using estimatedtravel times and a number of turns.

FIGS. 20-24 illustrate calculation of total estimated travel time forthe paths of FIGS. 8-11, updated to account for turning time.

FIGS. 25-29 illustrate calculation of total estimated travel time forthe paths of FIGS. 8-11, updated to account for time at various types ofintersections and turning time.

FIG. 30 illustrates an example of storage of historical data fortraversal of road segments.

FIG. 31 illustrates an example of average travel time values calculatedfor road segments based on historical data.

FIG. 32 illustrates an example of average historical travel time valuescalculated for navigation from one road segment to another.

FIG. 33-34 illustrate an example of average travel times for windows oftime throughout a day.

FIG. 35 illustrates a directional road segment.

FIG. 36 illustrates another directional road segment.

FIG. 37 illustrates two directional road segments going in oppositedirections.

FIG. 38 illustrates an example of travel times for the road segmentsillustrated in FIG. 37.

FIG. 39 illustrates a more granular road segmentation.

FIG. 40 illustrates a calculation of a preference value for a path usinga distance weight and a time weight.

FIG. 41 illustrates a calculation of such a preference value for eachpotential path of FIGS. 8-11.

FIG. 42 illustrates a calculation of normalized time and distancevalues, and a preference value.

FIG. 43 illustrates an example of C Sharp style pseudocode forcalculation of a preference value based on normalized time and distancevalues.

FIG. 44 illustrates an example of storage of data for a road segmentwhich includes latitude and longitude coordinates.

FIG. 45 illustrates the use of an assigned unique identifier for a roadsegment.

FIG. 46 illustrates data stored for a road segment including a list ofconnections from the road segment to and from other road segments.

FIG. 47 illustrates stored data for a road segment which includes endpoints of the road segment as well as a list of points along the roadsegment.

FIG. 48 illustrates an example of a graphical user interface with astart location and a destination location.

FIG. 49 illustrates points along road segments.

FIG. 50 illustrates an example of a graphical user interface withmarkers indicating locations to be visited.

FIG. 51 illustrates a simple two-dimensional grid for distance valuesfor shortest paths between each location.

FIG. 52 illustrates a grid for an example of a scenario in which thedistance between any location and itself would be zero.

FIG. 53 illustrates a first potential path between two locations.

FIG. 54 illustrates a second potential path between the two points ofFIG. 53.

FIG. 55 illustrates calculation of total distance values for each pathin FIG. 53 and FIG. 54.

FIG. 56 illustrates the identification of a shortest distance path.

FIGS. 57-58 illustrate the population of a shortest distance path valuein the grid of FIG. 51.

FIG. 59 illustrates the population of all shortest distance path valuesin the grid of FIG. 51.

FIG. 60 illustrates a simple two-dimensional grid for estimated timevalues for shortest paths between each location.

FIGS. 61-62 illustrate a first and second potential path between twolocations and the estimated travel time.

FIG. 63 illustrates the identification of the shortest travel time fromFIGS. 61-62.

FIG. 64 illustrates the population of a shortest travel time in the gridof FIG. 60.

FIG. 65 illustrates a first potential path between the two locations ofFIGS. 61-62 in the opposite direction and the estimated travel time.

FIG. 66 illustrates the population of a shortest travel time in the gridof FIG. 60.

FIG. 67 illustrates the population of all shortest travel times in thegrid of FIG. 60.

FIG. 68 illustrates the shortest distance and shortest travel timesstored in a matrix together.

FIG. 69 illustrates a matrix with travel times and distances formultiple time windows each corresponding to an hour of a twenty fourhour day.

FIGS. 70-73 illustrate four potential routes visiting all four locationsillustrated in FIG. 50.

FIG. 74 illustrates identification of a preferred route.

FIG. 75 illustrates three potential assignments of trucks for a routingproblem.

FIGS. 76-77 illustrate determination of an estimated travel time for afirst potential assignment of two trucks.

FIG. 78 illustrates determination of an estimated travel time for asecond potential assignment of two trucks.

FIG. 79 illustrates determination of an estimated travel time for athird potential assignment of two trucks.

FIG. 80 illustrates comparison of estimated travel times for differentpotential assignments of two trucks.

FIG. 81 illustrates three potential assignments of trucks for solutionof another routing problem.

FIGS. 82-84 illustrate determination of an estimated travel time forfirst, second, and third potential assignments of two trucks.

FIG. 85 illustrates determination of an estimated travel time for athird potential assignment of two trucks.

FIG. 86 illustrates weighting of an estimated time value for anassignment.

FIG. 87 illustrates calculation of weighted estimated time values forpotential assignments.

FIG. 88 illustrates calculation of a normalized value for an estimatedvalue for an assignment.

FIG. 89 illustrates calculation of normalized estimated time values forpotential assignments.

FIG. 90 illustrates calculation of a curviness value for a road segment.

FIGS. 91-92 illustrate an example of a user interface for specifyingconstraints and penalties for a routing problem.

FIGS. 93A-C illustrate approaches for the calculation of penalty valuesand adjusted values taking such penalty values into account.

FIG. 94 illustrates penalty points for various routes.

FIG. 95 illustrates adjusted values calculated for potential solutionsby adding calculated penalty values to normalized estimated values.

FIGS. 96A-D illustrate one or more an example of methodologies forgenerating high-quality solutions to a routing problem.

FIG. 97 illustrates an example of a user interface presenting multiplesolutions to a routing problem where a user is allowed to select fromthe presented solutions.

FIG. 98 illustrates calculation of an adjusted value for variouspotential paths during determination of a preferred or optimized route.

FIGS. 99-101 illustrate three potential assignments together withcalculated total adjusted values for routes under each assignment.

FIG. 102A illustrates the identification of a preferred or optimizedassignment using calculated adjusted values.

FIG. 102B illustrates the identification of a preferred or optimizedsolution.

FIG. 103 illustrates penalty values being used to calculate adjustedvalues for road segments or path portions during path evaluation.

FIG. 104 illustrates a calculated Euclidean distance estimate for travelbetween two points.

FIG. 105 illustrates the estimate from FIG. 104 stored in a shortestpath matrix.

FIG. 106 illustrates a calculated Euclidean distance estimate for travelbetween two points.

FIG. 107 illustrates the estimate from FIG. 106 stored in the sameshortest path matrix from FIG. 105.

FIG. 108 illustrates population of the shortest path matrix of FIG. 105.

FIG. 109 illustrates population of estimated time values in a shortestpath matrix.

FIGS. 110-111 illustrate first and second potential routes anddetermined estimated travel times.

FIG. 112 illustrates identification of a preferred or optimized route.

FIG. 113 illustrates updating the shortest path matrix of FIG. 109 witha computed value.

FIGS. 114-116 illustrate three potential assignments for two trucks.

FIG. 117 illustrates comparison of potential assignments.

FIG. 118 illustrate use of updated computed values in a shortest pathmatrix.

FIG. 119 further illustrates use of updated computed values in theshortest path matrix.

FIG. 120 illustrates calculation of an estimated travel time, based oncomputed values, for an assignment that was previously determined, basedon estimated values, to be preferred or optimized.

FIG. 121 illustrates computed accurate shortest path values for pathsdetermined to be part of a preferred or optimized assignment.

FIG. 122 illustrates an example of calculation of a deformed Euclideandistance estimate.

FIG. 123 illustrates plotting of a normalized average travel time totraverse a particular road segment throughout the day.

FIG. 124 illustrates plotting of a normalized average speed for aparticular road segment throughout the day.

FIG. 125 illustrates plotting of a normalized average travel time totraverse a specific road segment during each of twenty four one hourwindows throughout the day.

FIG. 126 illustrates plotting of normalized average travel times totraverse three specific road segments throughout the day.

FIG. 127 illustrates an example of C Sharp style pseudocode forcalculation of a best fit line based on normalized average travel timevalues throughout the day.

FIG. 128 illustrates calculation of a best fit average travel time valuefor a simplified best fit line for a specific window of time.

FIG. 129 illustrates the plotting of a best fit average travel timevalue for a simplified best fit line for a window of time.

FIG. 130 illustrates plotting of similarly calculated best fit averagetravel time values for a simplified best fit line for other windows oftime.

FIG. 131 illustrates how the values of FIG. 130 can be characterized asforming a best fit line.

FIG. 132 illustrates simplified calculation of a second order deltarepresenting a change in the rate of change at a specific time interval.

FIG. 133 illustrates comparison of the calculated second order delta ofFIG. 132 to a threshold value.

FIG. 134 illustrates that it has been determined that a correspondingtime interval should be used as a cutoff to define a traffic window.

FIG. 135 illustrates additional time intervals used as cutoffs to definea traffic window.

FIG. 136 illustrates the cutoffs in FIG. 135 used to define a pluralityof traffic windows.

FIG. 137 illustrates an example of C Sharp style pseudocode forsimplified determination of times to be used for definition of trafficwindows.

FIG. 138 illustrates a matrix containing calculated values for shortestor preferred paths for traffic windows of FIG. 136.

FIG. 139 illustrates an example of a geographic area comprising a roadnetwork.

FIG. 140 illustrates a requestor communicating a request related to arouting problem involving specific locations.

FIG. 141 illustrates characterization of the state of North Carolina asa zone.

FIG. 142 illustrates that a zone may have a designated server.

FIG. 143 illustrates characterization of the state of Florida as a zone.

FIG. 144 illustrates provision of a server including data for a zonecorresponding to Florida.

FIG. 145 illustrates that a single server may include data for two ormore zones.

FIGS. 146-152 illustrate that multiple zones may overlap or be nestedinside of one another.

FIG. 153 illustrates a server comprising a geo-locator service whichcontains information regarding defined zones.

FIG. 154 illustrates three locations involved in a routing problem.

FIG. 155-158 illustrate a methodology in which a geo-locator service isused to allow a requestor to determine what server to contact to receiveinformation for a routing problem.

FIGS. 159-160 illustrate another example of determination of a smallestdefined zone containing all of the locations involved in a routingproblem.

FIG. 161 shows a block diagram of an example of an environment thatincludes an on-demand database service configured in accordance withsome implementations.

FIG. 162A shows a system diagram of an example of architecturalcomponents of an on-demand database service environment, configured inaccordance with some implementations.

FIG. 162B shows a system diagram further illustrating an example ofarchitectural components of an on-demand database service environment,in accordance with some implementations.

FIG. 163 illustrates one example of a computing device.

FIG. 164 illustrates a method for determining an optimized route,performed in accordance with one or more embodiments.

FIG. 165 illustrates a method for determining an optimized route,performed in accordance with one or more embodiments.

FIG. 166 illustrates a method for determining an optimized route,performed in accordance with one or more embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Introduction

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a graphical user interface for anexample of software which is configured to provide solutions to routingproblems. The graphical user interface includes a map with a firstplacement marker 102 indicating a start location and second placementmarker 104 indicating a desired destination location.

According to various embodiments, the graphical user interface isdisplaying a portion of a road network, which is also shown in FIG. 2.The road network can be characterized as being made up of road segments,as illustrated in FIG. 3, in which an example of road segments 112 and114 are called out. The road segments can be characterized as beingconnected to one another at connections points, as illustrated in FIG.4, where example road segments 112 and 114 are illustrated as connectedat connection point 116. A road segment can be characterized by its endpoints, as illustrated in FIG. 5, where point 116 is characterized aspoint A, point 118 is characterized as point B, and road segment 112 ischaracterized as road segment AB. FIG. 6 illustrates similarcharacterization of other road segments of the illustrated road network.

In some embodiments, a distance of each of these road segments can bedetermined and stored, as illustrated in FIG. 7. Based on thesedistances, a total distance of a path from one point to another can bedetermined. Further, determined distances for various possible paths canbe compared to determine an optimal path.

For example, with reference to points F and C illustrated in FIG. 6,FIG. 8 illustrates a first potential path between points F and C whichincludes road segments BF, AB, and AC, FIG. 9 illustrates a secondpotential path between points F and C which includes road segments BF,AB, AD, and AC, FIG. 10 illustrates a third potential path betweenpoints F and C which includes road segments BF, BE, DE, and CD, and FIG.11 illustrates a fourth potential path between points F and C whichincludes road segments BF, BE, DE, AD, and AC. It will be appreciatedthat more or less paths may be identified. For example, a search forpaths between two points may involve a breadth first or depth firsttraversal of connecting road segments in an attempt to determine one ormore paths from a first point to a second point.

According to various embodiments, a total distance for each path can bedetermined by summing up the distances of each road segment that thepath traverses, as illustrated in FIG. 12. A shortest path can beidentified based on these determined total distances, as illustrated inFIG. 13.

In some embodiments, a process for determining a shortest path caninvolve determining one or more potential paths, calculating one or morevalues (e.g. a total distance) for each potential path, and thendetermining a shortest path based on the calculated values. FIG. 14illustrates a flow for such an example of a process.

Notably, however, other methodologies and approaches may additionally oralternatively be used for determining a shortest or preferred pathbetween two points. For example, a search for a shortest or preferredpath between two points may involve a breadth first traversal ofconnecting road segments in an attempt to determine a shortest orpreferred path from a first point to a second point.

In some implementations, determination of a preferred path may involvenot just determination of a path having a shortest total distance, butalso may involve determination of a path having a shortest estimatedtravel time. For example, an estimated travel time for road segmentscould be calculated based on speed limits of the road segments, asillustrated in FIG. 15, and these estimated travel times could then beused to calculate estimated travel times for paths traversing such roadsegments. FIG. 16 illustrates calculation of estimated travel times forthe paths of FIGS. 8-11.

In some embodiments, both a determined estimated travel time for a pathand a determined total distance for a path may be used to select apreferred or shortest path. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 17,three of the four potential paths of FIGS. 8-11 have all been determinedto have the same total estimated travel time. Determination of apreferred or shortest path might involve first determining one or morepaths having a shortest total estimated travel time, and then using adetermined total distance as a further metric to select a preferred orshortest path from among any that have the same (or very similar) totalestimated travel time, as illustrated in FIG. 18.

According to various embodiments, other criteria could be used as well.For example, FIG. 19 illustrates use of a number of turns as a furthermetric to select a preferred or shortest path from among any that havethe same (or very similar) total estimated travel time. Additionally, oralternatively, required turns along a traversed path may be taken intoaccount in calculating an estimated travel time for a path. For example,FIGS. 20-24 illustrate calculation of total estimated travel times forthe paths of FIGS. 8-11, updated to add 30 seconds for each requiredleft turn and 10 seconds for each required right turn.

According to various embodiments, the values of 30 seconds and 10seconds are just examples of values. Further, different values could beused for different navigation scenarios (e.g. turns) along a path. Forexample, FIGS. 25-29 illustrate calculation of total estimated traveltimes for the paths of FIGS. 8-11, updated to add 15 seconds for goingstraight at an intersection without a light, 20 seconds for goingstraight at an intersection with a light, 30 seconds for a left turn atan intersection with a light, 20 seconds for a left turn at anintersection without a light, and 10 seconds for a right turn at anintersection with a light.

In some embodiments, rather than simply being calculated based on speedlimits of a road segment, an estimated travel time for a road segmentmay be determined based on historical data for vehicles that traversedthat road segment. For example, global positioning system (GPS) data maybe gathered from vehicles with a GPS device traveling on a road segment.FIG. 30 illustrates an example of storage of historical data fortraversal of road segments.

FIG. 31 illustrates an example of average travel time values calculatedfor road segments based on gathered historical data for traversal ofsuch road segments. In some embodiments, historical data can be gatheredon the time it takes vehicles to navigate from one road segment toanother (e.g. turn at an intersection), and used to determine anestimated travel time for such navigations.

FIG. 32 illustrates an example of average travel time values calculatedfor navigation from one road segment to another based on gatheredhistorical data for such navigations. Traffic patterns may frequentlyallow for quicker traversal of a road segment (or navigation from oneroad segment to another) at certain times of the day, and slowertraversal at other times. To account for this, in some embodiments anexample of average travel times may be determined for windows throughoutthe day, e.g. for 24 one-hour windows, as illustrated in FIGS. 33-34.Determination of a shortest path may involve using the time estimatesfor a window within which a current time falls, or within which anestimated time of travel falls.

It may frequently take longer or shorter to traverse a road in a firstdirection, as compared to the opposite direction. According to variousembodiments, a two-way road between two points can be characterized asrepresenting not just one road segment, but two road segments (one ineach direction). For example, FIG. 35 illustrates road segment AB frompoint 116 to point 118, and FIG. 36 illustrates road segment BA frompoint 118 to point 116. FIG. 37 illustrates both of these road segmentstogether, and FIG. 38 illustrates different average travel times foreach of these road segments.

Although thus far road segments have largely been described as a segmentconnecting two intersections, in some embodiments more or less granularroad segments may be defined and used. For example, FIG. 39 illustratesmore granular road segmentation.

As noted above, in some embodiments determination of a preferred pathmay involve not just determination of a path having a shortest totaldistance, but also may involve determination of a path having a shortestestimated travel time. Determination of a preferred path may for exampleinvolve calculation of a preference value for a path using a distanceweight for a total distance of the path and a time weight for anestimated travel time for the path, as illustrated in FIG. 40. FIG. 41is an illustration of calculation of such a preference value for eachpotential path of FIGS. 8-11.

According to various embodiments, determination of a preferred path mayalso involve calculation of a preference value based on normalized timeand distance values. For example, a normalized time value may begenerated by dividing each total estimated time amount by a minimumtotal estimated time amount (or by dividing a minimum total estimatedtime amount by each total estimated time amount), and a normalizeddistance value may be generated by dividing each total distance amountby a minimum total distance amount (or by dividing a minimum totaldistance amount by each total distance amount). FIG. 42 is a fancifulillustration of calculation of normalized time and distance values, anda preference value based on such normalized time and distance values.FIG. 43 illustrates an example of C-Sharp style pseudocode forcalculation of such a preference value based on normalized time anddistance values.

For example, FIG. 44 illustrates an example of storage of data for aroad segment which includes latitude and longitude coordinates for abeginning of a road segment, and latitude and longitude coordinates foran end of the road segment. Although the example of FIG. 44 involves useof an identifier for a road segment which includes an identifier foreach of two end points of the road segment, a road segment may insteadinclude an assigned unique identifier, as illustrated in FIG. 45.

According to various embodiments, data stored for a road segment mayinclude a list of joins or connections from the road segment to otherroad segments, as well as a list of joins or connections to the roadsegment from other road segments, as illustrated in FIG. 46. Stored datafor such a join or connection may include an indication of a joined orconnected street segment, an indication of a type of join or connection,and an indication of coordinates at which the join or connection occurs,as illustrated in FIG. 46.

Many roads are not straight. In some implementations, stored data for aroad segment may include both a traversal length of the road segment, aswell as a “crow flies” distance between ends of the road segment (e.g. aEuclidean distance or a distance calculated via the Haversine formula).Further, stored data for a road segment may include not just coordinatesfor end points of a road segment, but a list of points along a length ofthe road segment, as illustrated in FIG. 47.

In determining a shortest or preferred path between two locations, thosetwo locations will not always fall at an end of a road segment. Forexample, FIG. 48 illustrates an example of a graphical user interfacecomprising a map with a first placement marker 106 indicating a startlocation and second placement marker 108 indicating a desireddestination location. In some implementations, stored data regardingpoints along road segments enables determination of what road segmentthe placement marker 106 lies on (or is closest to), as well asdetermination of a distance from that point to an end of that roadsegment. FIG. 49 illustrates such a situation.

Precomputing Shortest Path Matrices

In some implementations, not only the shortest path between twolocations, but also a preferred or optimized route for visiting multiplelocations may be determined. For example, FIG. 50 illustrates an exampleof a graphical user interface comprising a map with placement markers202 indicating locations to be visited. These can represent locationsfor use in a routing problem, in which a high-quality routing solutionis to be determined which involves visiting of all of the specifiedlocations.

According to various embodiments, determination of a routing solution toa routing problem involves precomputation of information regardingshortest or optimal paths between locations to be visited for therouting problem. This information can be stored in one or more matrices,which can be characterized as shortest path matrices. For example, FIG.51 illustrates a simple two-dimensional grid for distance values forshortest paths between each location.

As illustrated in FIG. 52, the distance between any location and itself(e.g. From “1” to “1”) would be zero. In some implementations, otherdistance values for each square can be determined based on a determinedshortest path, for example as described hereinabove. As an example,consider travel from location “1” to location “2”. As illustrated inFIG. 53, a first potential path would involve traversing road segmentsBF and BE. Similarly, as illustrated in FIG. 54, a second potential pathwould involve traversing road segments BF, AB, AD, and DE. As notedabove, other paths could be considered as well, or another methodologycould be used to determine a shortest path (and corresponding distance).

FIG. 55 illustrates calculation of total distance values for each ofthese paths, and FIG. 56 illustrates identification of the value “429”as the calculated total distance value for the determined shortest pathfor traversal from location “1” to location “2”. According to variousembodiments, this calculated total distance value for the determinedshortest path for traversal from location “1” to location “2” can bestored as a precalculated value in a travel distance matrix, asillustrated in FIG. 57. In this simplistic example, all of the roadsegments are characterized as bidirectional road segments having thesame travel distance in both directions, so a distance value for theshortest path from location “1” to location “2” would be the same as adistance value for the shortest path from location “2” to location “1”,as illustrated in FIG. 58.

In some implementations, a shortest path, and distance value therefore,can similarly be determined for traveling from each location to eachother location, as illustrated in FIG. 59. Further, an estimated timevalue can similarly be calculated for a shortest path between eachlocation. For example, FIG. 60 illustrates a simple two-dimensional gridfor estimated time values for shortest paths between each location.

In some embodiments, just like calculated total distance values,estimated time values for each square can be calculated based on adetermined shortest path, e.g. as described hereinabove. As an example,again consider travel from location “1” to location “2”, this time usingdirectional road segments (e.g. where travel from A to B in a firstdirection along road segment AB might have a first estimated travel timeand travel from B to A in a second, opposite direction along roadsegment BA might have a second estimated travel time which may be, butdoes not have to be, different from the first estimated travel time).

FIG. 61 illustrates a first potential path involving traversing roadsegments BF and BE, and calculation of an estimated travel time of 30seconds. Similarly, FIG. 62 illustrates a second potential pathinvolving traversing road segments FB, BA, AD, and DE, and calculationof an estimated travel time of 99 seconds. According to variousembodiments, other paths could be considered as well. For instance, ashortest path could be determined to be the shortest based on having alowest estimated travel time. Alternately, or additionally, anothermethodology could be used to determine a shortest path (and estimatedtravel time).

FIG. 63 illustrates identification of thirty seconds as the calculatedtotal estimated travel time value for the determined shortest path fortraversal from location “1” to location “2”. According to variousembodiments, this calculated total estimated travel time value for thedetermined shortest path for traversal from location “1” to location “2”can be stored as a precalculated value in a travel time matrix, asillustrated in FIG. 64. Unlike the previous example, it cannotnecessarily be assumed that the same total estimated travel time for ashortest path will hold for traversal from location “2” to location “1”.Thus, in this example, the system may also consider travel from location“2” to location “1”.

FIG. 65 illustrates a first potential path involving traversing roadsegments EB and BF, and calculation of an estimated travel time of 21seconds. In some implementations, this estimated travel time of 21seconds can be determined to be the estimated travel time for theshortest path from location “2” to location “1”, and can be stored as aprecalculated value in a travel time matrix, as illustrated in FIG. 66.

According to various embodiments, a shortest path, and estimated traveltime value therefore, can similarly be determined for traveling fromeach location to each other location, as illustrated in FIG. 67. Thesecalculated estimated travel time values can even be stored in a matrixtogether with calculated distance values, as illustrated in FIG. 68.

Traffic patterns may frequently allow for quicker traversal of a roadsegment (or navigation from one road segment to another) at certaintimes of the day, and slower traversal at other times. According tovarious embodiments, to account for this, an example of average traveltimes may be determined for windows throughout the day, e.g. for 24one-hour windows, as illustrated in FIGS. 33-34. Determination of ashortest path may then involve using the time estimates for a windowwithin which a current time falls, or within which an estimated time oftravel falls. Similarly, a matrix containing calculated values fordetermined shortest paths may be precomputed and stored for time windowsthroughout the day, e.g. for 24 one-hour windows, as illustrated in FIG.69.

Determining High-Quality Routes Using Precomputed Shortest Path Matrices

According to various embodiments, not only the shortest path between twolocations, but also a preferred or optimized route for visiting multiplelocations may be determined. These can represent locations for use in arouting problem, in which one or more preferred or optimized routingsolutions are to be determined which involve visiting of all of thespecified locations. In some embodiments, one or more optimized routesmay be determined which represent part of a high-quality routingsolution. In some embodiments, one or more optimized routing solutionsmay be determined which represent high-quality routing solutions, evenif they have not been determined or confirmed to be an optimal routingsolution.

Returning to the example of FIG. 50, an example of an approach todetermining a high-quality routing solution for visiting all fourlocations will now be outlined using the calculated travel times in theprecomputed shortest path matrix of FIG. 67. FIG. 70 illustrates a firstpotential route visiting all four locations which involves traversalfrom location “1” to location “2”, traversal from location “2” tolocation “3”, and traversal from location “3” to location “4”. In someembodiments, a total estimated travel time for this route can bedetermined using the precalculated shortest estimated travel times forshortest paths between these locations in the precomputed shortest pathmatrix. Thus, the route portion representing traversal from location “1”to location “2” can be determined based on the precomputed shortest pathmatrix to have an estimated travel time of 30 seconds, the route portionrepresenting traversal from location “2” to location “3” can bedetermined based on the precomputed shortest path matrix to have anestimated travel time of 23 seconds, and the route portion representingtraversal from location “3” to location “4” can be determined based onthe precomputed shortest path matrix to have an estimated travel time of24 seconds. A total estimated travel time for the route can becalculated by summing together these estimated travel times for theseroute portions. This results in a total estimated travel time for thefirst potential route of 77 seconds, as illustrated in FIG. 70.

FIG. 71 illustrates a second potential route visiting all four locationswhich involves traversal from location “1” to location “3”, traversalfrom location “3” to location “4”, and traversal from location “4” tolocation “2”. According to various embodiments, the route portionrepresenting traversal from location “1” to location “3” can bedetermined based on the precomputed shortest path matrix to have anestimated travel time of 24 seconds, the route portion representingtraversal from location “3” to location “4” can be determined based onthe precomputed shortest path matrix to have an estimated travel time of24 seconds, and the route portion representing traversal from location“4” to location “2” can be determined based on the precomputed shortestpath matrix to have an estimated travel time of 28 seconds. Thesecalculated estimated travel times for the route portions can be summedtogether to result in a total estimated travel time for the secondpotential route of 76 seconds, as illustrated in FIG. 71.

FIG. 72 illustrates a third potential route visiting all four locationswhich involves traversal from location “4” to location “3”, traversalfrom location “3” to location “2”, and traversal from location “2” tolocation “1”. In some embodiments, the route portion representingtraversal from location “4” to location “3” can be determined based onthe precomputed shortest path matrix to have an estimated travel time of24 seconds, the route portion representing traversal from location “3”to location “2” can be determined based on the precomputed shortest pathmatrix to have an estimated travel time of 45 seconds, and the routeportion representing traversal from location “2” to location “1” can bedetermined based on the precomputed shortest path matrix to have anestimated travel time of 21 seconds. These calculated estimated traveltimes for the route portions can be summed together to result in a totalestimated travel time for the third potential route of 90 seconds, asillustrated in FIG. 72.

FIG. 73 illustrates a fourth potential route visiting all four locationswhich involves traversal from location “2” to location “4”, traversalfrom location “4” to location “3”, and traversal from location “3” tolocation “1”. In some implementations, the route portion representingtraversal from location “2” to location “4” can be determined based onthe precomputed shortest path matrix to have an estimated travel time of28 seconds, the route portion representing traversal from location “4”to location “3” can be determined based on the precomputed shortest pathmatrix to have an estimated travel time of 24 seconds, and the routeportion representing traversal from location “3” to location “1” can bedetermined based on the precomputed shortest path matrix to have anestimated travel time of 28 seconds. These calculated estimated traveltimes for the route portions can be summed together to result in a totalestimated travel time for the fourth potential route of 90 seconds, asillustrated in FIG. 73.

According to various embodiments, a preferred or optimized route can beidentified based on the calculated total estimated travel times for eachpotential route, as illustrated in FIG. 74. More or less paths may beidentified. For example, a search for routes may involve a breadth firstor depth first traversal of paths in an attempt to determine one or morepaths. Further, other methodologies and approaches may additionally oralternatively be used for determining a shortest, optimized, orpreferred route. For example, a search for a shortest, optimized, orpreferred route may involve one or more breadth first traversals ofpaths in an attempt to determine a shortest, optimized, or preferredroute, e.g. a depth first traversal from each of one or more locationsidentified as being geographically exterior to other locations.

According to various embodiments, routing problems can take variousforms. For example, a routing problem may involve determining anoptimized route for not just one vehicle, but two or more vehicles, e.g.a fleet of vehicles. Returning again to the locations illustrated inFIG. 50, consider such a routing problem in which two trucks are tovisit the four locations (assuming that each truck is to visit two ofthe locations). FIG. 75 illustrates potential assignments of the trucksfor solution of the routing problem. An example of an approach todetermining preferred or optimized assignments for a high-qualityrouting solution will now be outlined using the calculated travel timesin the precomputed shortest path matrix of FIG. 67.

FIG. 76 illustrates a first potential assignment for two trucks. In thisexample, this first potential assignment involves, for a first truck,use of either a first potential route involving traversal from location“1” to location “2”, or a second potential route involving traversalfrom location “2” to location “1”. In some implementations, a totalestimated travel time for each potential route for the first truck canbe determined using the precalculated shortest estimated travel timesfor shortest paths between these locations in the precomputed shortestpath matrix. Thus, the route involving traversal from location “1” tolocation “2” can be determined based on the precomputed shortest pathmatrix to have a total estimated travel time of 30 seconds, and theroute involving traversal from location “2” to location “1” can bedetermined based on the precomputed shortest path matrix to have a totalestimated travel time of 21 seconds.

In this example, this first potential assignment further involves, for asecond truck, use of either a first potential route involving traversalfrom location “3” to location “4”, or a second potential route involvingtraversal from location “4” to location “3”. In some embodiments, atotal estimated travel time for each potential route for the secondtruck can be determined using the precalculated shortest estimatedtravel times for shortest paths between these locations in theprecomputed shortest path matrix. Thus, the route involving traversalfrom location “3” to location “4” can be determined based on theprecomputed shortest path matrix to have a total estimated travel timeof 24 seconds, and the route involving traversal from location “4” tolocation “3” can be determined based on the precomputed shortest pathmatrix to have a total estimated travel time of 24 seconds.

According to various embodiments, a total estimated travel time for thisfirst potential assignment can be determined by summing together thelowest calculated estimated travel time for each truck, as illustratedin FIGS. 76-77. Here, a total estimated travel time for this firstpotential assignment can be calculated to be 45 seconds, as illustratedin FIG. 77.

FIG. 78 illustrates a second potential assignment for two trucks,generated according to one or more implementations. This secondpotential assignment involves, for a first truck, use of either a firstpotential route involving traversal from location “1” to location “3”,or a second potential route involving traversal from location “3” tolocation “1”. A total estimated travel time for each potential route forthe first truck can be determined using the precalculated shortestestimated travel times for shortest paths between these locations in theprecomputed shortest path matrix. Thus, the route involving traversalfrom location “1” to location “3” can be determined based on theprecomputed shortest path matrix to have a total estimated travel timeof 24 seconds, and the route involving traversal from location “3” tolocation “1” can be determined based on the precomputed shortest pathmatrix to have a total estimated travel time of 28 seconds.

In the example shown, this second potential assignment further involves,for a second truck, use of either a first potential route involvingtraversal from location “2” to location “4”, or a second potential routeinvolving traversal from location “4” to location “2”. A total estimatedtravel time for each potential route for the second truck can bedetermined using the precalculated shortest estimated travel times forshortest paths between these locations in the precomputed shortest pathmatrix. Thus, the route involving traversal from location “2” tolocation “4” can be determined based on the precomputed shortest pathmatrix to have a total estimated travel time of 28 seconds, and theroute involving traversal from location “4” to location “2” can bedetermined based on the precomputed shortest path matrix to have a totalestimated travel time of 28 seconds.

In some embodiments, a total estimated travel time for this secondpotential assignment can be determined by summing together the lowestcalculated estimated travel time for each truck, as illustrated in FIG.78. Here, a total estimated travel time for this first potentialassignment can be calculated to be 52 seconds, as illustrated in FIG.78.

In the example shown, FIG. 79 illustrates a third potential assignmentfor two trucks. This third potential assignment involves, for a firsttruck, use of either a first potential route involving traversal fromlocation “1” to location “4”, or a second potential route involvingtraversal from location “4” to location “1”. In some embodiments, atotal estimated travel time for each potential route for the first truckcan be determined using the precalculated shortest estimated traveltimes for shortest paths between these locations in the precomputedshortest path matrix. Thus, the route involving traversal from location“1” to location “4” can be determined based on the precomputed shortestpath matrix to have a total estimated travel time of 48 seconds, and theroute involving traversal from location “4” to location “1” can bedetermined based on the precomputed shortest path matrix to have a totalestimated travel time of 52 seconds.

This third potential assignment further involves, for a second truck,use of either a first potential route involving traversal from location“2” to location “3”, or a second potential route involving traversalfrom location “3” to location “2”. According to various embodiments, atotal estimated travel time for each potential route for the secondtruck can be determined using the precalculated shortest estimatedtravel times for shortest paths between these locations in theprecomputed shortest path matrix. Thus, the route involving traversalfrom location “2” to location “3” can be determined based on theprecomputed shortest path matrix to have a total estimated travel timeof 23 seconds, and the route involving traversal from location “3” tolocation “2” can be determined based on the precomputed shortest pathmatrix to have a total estimated travel time of 45 seconds.

In some implementations, a total estimated travel time for this thirdpotential assignment can be determined by summing together the lowestcalculated estimated travel time for each truck, as illustrated in FIG.79. Here, a total estimated travel time for this first potentialassignment can be calculated to be 71 seconds, as illustrated in FIG.79.

In some embodiments, the calculated total estimated travel times foreach potential assignment can be compared to determine an optimized orpreferred assignment, as illustrated in FIG. 80. The optimized routesthat were used to determine the calculated total estimated travel timesfor each potential assignment may be used as optimized routes for arouting solution, or additional determination of optimized routes may beperformed. According to various embodiments, routing problems can takevarious forms. As another example, one or more vehicles may have a setstarting location which is to be taken into account in determining asolution.

Returning again to the locations illustrated in FIG. 50, consider such arouting problem in which two trucks having a set starting location oflocation “1” are to visit location “2”, location “3”, and location “4”(assuming that each truck is to visit at least one location). FIG. 81illustrates potential assignments of the trucks for solution of therouting problem. An example of an approach to determining preferred oroptimized assignments for a high-quality routing solution will now beoutlined using the calculated travel times in the precomputed shortestpath matrix of FIG. 67.

FIG. 82 illustrates a first potential assignment for two trucks,generated in accordance with one or more implementations. This firstpotential assignment involves, for a first truck, use of either a firstpotential route involving traversal from location “1” to location “2”and traversal from location “2” to location “3”, or a second potentialroute involving traversal from location “1” to location “3” andtraversal from location “3” to location “2”. A total estimated traveltime for each potential route for the first truck can be determinedusing the precalculated shortest estimated travel times for shortestpaths between these locations in the precomputed shortest path matrix.Thus, the route involving traversal from location “1” to location “2”and traversal from location “2” to location “3” can be determined basedon the precomputed shortest path matrix to have a total estimated traveltime of 53 seconds, and the route involving traversal from location “1”to location “3” and traversal from location “3” to location “2” can bedetermined based on the precomputed shortest path matrix to have a totalestimated travel time of 69 seconds.

This first potential assignment further involves, for a second truck,use of a potential route involving traversal from location “1” tolocation “4”. According to various embodiments, a total estimated traveltime for this potential route for the second truck can be determinedusing the precalculated shortest estimated travel times for shortestpaths between these locations in the precomputed shortest path matrix.Thus, the route involving traversal from location “1” to location “4”can be determined based on the precomputed shortest path matrix to havea total estimated travel time of 48 seconds.

In some implementations, a total estimated travel time for this firstpotential assignment can be determined by summing together the lowestcalculated estimated travel time for each truck, as illustrated in FIG.82. Here, a total estimated travel time for this first potentialassignment can be calculated to be 101 seconds, as illustrated in FIG.82.

FIG. 82 illustrates a second potential assignment for two trucks.According to various embodiments, this second potential assignmentinvolves, for a first truck, use of either a first potential routeinvolving traversal from location “1” to location “2” and traversal fromlocation “2” to location “4”, or a second potential route involvingtraversal from location “1” to location “4” and traversal from location“4” to location “2”. A total estimated travel time for each potentialroute for the first truck can be determined using the precalculatedshortest estimated travel times for shortest paths between theselocations in the precomputed shortest path matrix. Thus, the routeinvolving traversal from location “1” to location “2” and traversal fromlocation “2” to location “4” can be determined based on the precomputedshortest path matrix to have a total estimated travel time of 58seconds, and the route involving traversal from location “1” to location“4” and traversal from location “4” to location “2” can be determinedbased on the precomputed shortest path matrix to have a total estimatedtravel time of 76 seconds.

This second potential assignment further involves, for a second truck,use of a potential route involving traversal from location “1” tolocation “3”. In some embodiments, a total estimated travel time forthis potential route for the second truck can be determined using theprecalculated shortest estimated travel times for shortest paths betweenthese locations in the precomputed shortest path matrix. Thus, the routeinvolving traversal from location “1” to location “3” can be determinedbased on the precomputed shortest path matrix to have a total estimatedtravel time of 24 seconds.

In some embodiments, a total estimated travel time for this secondpotential assignment can be determined by summing together the lowestcalculated estimated travel time for each truck, as illustrated in FIG.83. Here, a total estimated travel time for this first potentialassignment can be calculated to be 82 seconds, as illustrated in FIG.83.

FIG. 83 illustrates a third potential assignment for two trucks,generated in accordance with one or more embodiments. This thirdpotential assignment involves, for a first truck, use of either a firstpotential route involving traversal from location “1” to location “3”and traversal from location “3” to location “4”, or a second potentialroute involving traversal from location “1” to location “4” andtraversal from location “4” to location “3”. A total estimated traveltime for each potential route for the first truck can be determinedusing the precalculated shortest estimated travel times for shortestpaths between these locations in the precomputed shortest path matrix.Thus, the route involving traversal from location “1” to location “3”and traversal from location “3” to location “4” can be determined basedon the precomputed shortest path matrix to have a total estimated traveltime of 48 seconds, and the route involving traversal from location “1”to location “4” and traversal from location “4” to location “3” can bedetermined based on the precomputed shortest path matrix to have a totalestimated travel time of 72 seconds.

This third potential assignment further involves, for a second truck,use of a potential route involving traversal from location “1” tolocation “2”. In some implementations, a total estimated travel time forthis potential route for the second truck can be determined using theprecalculated shortest estimated travel times for shortest paths betweenthese locations in the precomputed shortest path matrix. Thus, the routeinvolving traversal from location “1” to location “2” can be determinedbased on the precomputed shortest path matrix to have a total estimatedtravel time of 30 seconds.

According to various embodiments, a total estimated travel time for thissecond potential assignment can be determined by summing together thelowest calculated estimated travel time for each truck, as illustratedin FIG. 84. Here, a total estimated travel time for this first potentialassignment can be calculated to be 78 seconds, as illustrated in FIG.84.

In some embodiments, the calculated total estimated travel times foreach potential assignment can be compared to determine an optimized orpreferred assignment, as illustrated in FIG. 85. The optimized routesthat were used to determine the calculated total estimated travel timesfor each potential assignment may be used as optimized routes for arouting solution, or additional determination of optimized routes may beperformed.

In some implementations, calculated values, such as a calculatedestimated time value, may be weighted, e.g. for calculations fordetermining a shortest, optimal, or preferred path, assignment, orroute. For example, FIG. 86 illustrates weighting of an estimated timevalue for an assignment, and FIG. 87 illustrates calculation of suchweighted estimated time values for potential assignments.

According to various embodiments, calculated values, such as acalculated estimated time value, may be normalized, e.g. forcalculations for determining a shortest, optimal, or preferred path, orpreferred or optimized assignment or route. For example, FIG. 88illustrates calculation of a normalized value for an estimated timevalue for an assignment, and FIG. 89 illustrates calculation of suchnormalized estimated time values for potential assignments.

Using Constraints and Penalties to Facilitate Determination ofHigh-Quality Solutions to Multi-Objective Routing Problems

A classic approach to generating a solution to a routing probleminvolves trying to minimize travel time while adhering to hard timewindow constraints. In reality, however, many problems aremulti-objective, and it may be desirable to account for a variety oftradeoffs such as, for example, travel time, importance of assigningcertain drivers or vehicles to individual customers, visiting as manycustomers as possible, avoiding certain roads at some times of day, etc.For example, objectives for a routing problem may include minimizingtotal travel time, minimizing fuel costs, minimizing a number ofvehicles used, making sure the right vehicle or driver visits eachcustomer, minimizing overtime costs, and visiting as many high prioritycustomers as possible. According to various embodiments, multi-objectiverouting optimization problems where there are tradeoffs between possiblyconflicting objectives may be solved.

In some embodiments, a methodology involves defining one or moreconstraints related to features of possible solutions to a routingproblem. Each constraint is assigned a penalty value or weight based onhow important it is. For example, a higher penalty can indicateincreased importance of adhering to the constraint. Mathematicaloptimization may be applied to try and generate solutions that have aslow a total score as possible where the score is generated using a sumof determined penalty values.

In some embodiments, a constraint is a rule that asks a yes or noquestion about the solution to a problem. An example of constraintsmight be, for example: “Is the driver working more than 8 hours?”, “Isthe vehicle traveling more than 200 miles in a day?”, “Is customer xbeing serviced by driver y?”, “Is customer x being serviced on Wednesdaybetween 9 am and 11 am?”, “Does the driver get a lunch break?”, or “Arewe visiting at least 5 high priority customers today?”.

In some embodiments, a penalty is a numerical quantity assigned to eachinstance in a solution when a constraint is violated. A penalty mightbe, for example, that if a driver is driving more than eight hours on aday, that solution is penalized x points (for each violation instancewithin that solution). A penalty may also be configured to be appliedbased on the extent of violation of a constraint. For example, asolution may be penalized an additional y points for every ten minutesover the eight-hour limit.

In some embodiments, the overall quality of the solution can becharacterized using a sum of all of these penalties which measures whichrules are broken and how important each of those violations is to theuser's overall preferences. In some embodiments, by viewing routingproblems as multi-objective, a system is able to determine potentialsolutions that match what a user really wants. Additionally, a systemcan provide multiple solutions back to a user to allow the user toselect which solution he or she feels best addresses his or her needs.

As a more specific example, consider a routing problem in which it isdesired to avoid curvy roads. In particular, returning again to thelocations illustrated in FIG. 50 and the routing problem illustrated inFIG. 81 in which two trucks having a set starting location of location“1” are to visit location “2”, location “3”, and location “4” (assumingthat each truck is to visit at least one location), now consider thesame routing problem where it is additionally desired to avoid curvyroads.

In some embodiments, a curviness value for a road segment can be storedor determined based on data for that road segment. For example, acurviness value for a road segment could be determined by dividing atraversal length of a road segment by a Euclidean distance between twoendpoints of that road segment, as illustrated in FIG. 90. In FIG. 90, acurviness value for the road segment AC is determined to be “1.1”. Insome embodiments, a curviness value may be determined based on adistance calculated using the Haversine formula.

FIG. 91 illustrates an example of a user interface which allows a userto specify constraints and penalties for use in generating solutions toa routing problem. For example, the routing problem illustrated in FIG.81 includes two trucks having a set starting location of location “1”are to visit location “2”, location “3”, and location “4” (assuming thateach truck is to visit at least one location).

FIG. 92 illustrates the same example of a user interface where a userhas indicated that with respect to violation of a constraint that aroute does not include a road with a curviness value at or over “1.05”,a penalty of “3” points is to be applied for every “0.05” over “1.00”.

In some implementations, a penalty could be specified in variousformats, and/or could be weighted in various ways. For example, apenalty could be specified as points (as illustrated), or as secondswhich are to be applied to a total estimated time for a route orsolution. In this example, points are weighted to generate a penaltyvalue by dividing the total number of points by 100, as illustrated inFIG. 93A, although weighting may not always be used, or other variousweights may be used.

According to various embodiments, a penalty value can be added to avalue for a path, route, assignment, or solution to produce an adjustedvalue. A penalty value might be added to a weighted estimated value, asillustrated in FIG. 93B, or a normalized estimated value, as illustratedin FIG. 93C. In this example, a penalty is added to a route for eachinstance of traversal over a road segment which has a curviness value ator over 1.05. For each instance, the penalty is equal to three pointsfor each “0.05” over “1.00”.

FIG. 94 illustrates how, for the route including traversal from location“1” to location “3” and from location “3” to location “4”, a penalty ofsix points is incurred owing to traversal of road segment AC duringtraversal from location “3” to location “4”. This penalty is incurredbecause, as illustrated in FIG. 90, the road segment AC has a curvinessvalue of “1.1”. In some implementations, a penalty value for this routeis calculated by dividing the total number of penalty points by “100”,resulting in a penalty value for this route of “0.06”, as illustrated inFIG. 94.

Similarly, FIG. 94 illustrates how, for the route including traversalfrom location “1” to location “4” and from location “4” to location “3”,a penalty of six points is incurred owing to traversal of road segmentCA during traversal from location “4” to location “3”. This penalty isincurred because the road segment CA has a curviness value of “1.1”.According to various embodiments, a penalty value for this route iscalculated by dividing the total number of penalty points by “100”,resulting in a penalty value for this route of “0.06”, as illustrated inFIG. 94.

According to various embodiments, an adjusted value can be calculatedfor a potential solution by adding together penalty values calculatedfor the various routes forming part of that solution to a weighted ornormalized value for that solution (e.g. the sum of weighted ornormalized values for the routes forming part of that solution).

FIG. 95 illustrates adjusted values calculated for potential solutionsby adding calculated penalty values for routes for the solutions tonormalized estimated values for the solutions, generated according toone or more embodiments. As illustrated, although solution number fivehas the lowest total estimated travel time of seventy-eight seconds,once penalty values are applied based on specified constraints andpenalties, solution number three has the lowest adjusted value takinginto account these specified constraints and penalties, with an adjustedvalue of “1.051”.

In some embodiments, an example of a methodology for generatinghigh-quality solutions to a routing problem involves sending problemdata and constraint (and penalty) data to a system (e.g. an optimizationservice running at one or more servers). This problem data can include,for example, latitude and longitude coordinates for locations for therouting problem, customer attributes, vehicle attributes, driverattributes, etc. This problem data and constraint data may be senttogether, as illustrated in FIG. 96A, or separately as illustrated inFIG. 96B.

In some embodiments, following receipt of problem and constraint data,the system generates a large number of possible solutions (e.g.millions) and evaluates how well each solution meets the specifiedconstraints, as illustrated in FIG. 96C. In some embodiments, a penaltyvalue is calculated for all generated solutions, or for one or more ofthe more promising generated solutions. In some embodiments, estimatedtime values or other generated values are evaluated in combination withgenerated penalty values.

In some embodiments, the system thereafter returns one or more solutionsbased on calculated values, as illustrated in FIG. 96D. In someembodiments, a system returns multiple solutions with an indication ofan overall score (e.g. an adjusted value) and information on violatedconstraints.

In some embodiments, one or more determined available solutions (e.g.most preferred solutions) are presented to a user, as illustrated inFIG. 97, and the user is allowed to select from the presented availablesolutions.

In some embodiments, an indication of a total travel time, traveldistance, or cost (e.g. fuel costs, labor costs, or both) is presentedto a user for each presented available solution.

In some embodiments, one or more penalty values may be added to a valuegenerated based on an estimated travel time, distance, or cost (such asa fuel cost or a labor cost or both) to facilitate identification orranking of potential solutions, or may be solely used to facilitateidentification or ranking of potential solutions.

In accordance with various preferred implementations, variousmethodologies for applying a penalty value to road segments, paths,routes, assignments, or solutions may be used. For example, FIG. 98illustrates calculation of an adjusted value for various potential pathsduring determination of an optimized route for travel from location “1”to location “4”, where calculation of the adjusted value involvessumming a weighted estimated value based on a total estimated traveltime for a path with a penalty value. This allows for determination ofan adjusted value for an optimal path between location “1” and location“4” given the specified constraints and penalties.

In some embodiments, an optimal path matrix is populated with calculatedadjusted values for travel between locations under specified constraintsand penalties, as illustrated in FIG. 99. Such an optimal path matrixcan be used to determine optimized routes, and optimized or high-qualityassignments and solutions. For example, FIG. 99 illustrates calculatedadjusted values for routes for a first potential assignment togetherwith a calculated total adjusted value for optimized routes under thefirst potential assignment, FIG. 100 illustrates calculated adjustedvalues for routes for a second potential assignment together with acalculated total adjusted value for optimized routes under the secondpotential assignment, and FIG. 101 illustrates calculated adjustedvalues for routes for a third potential assignment together with acalculated total adjusted value for optimized routes under the thirdpotential assignment. These calculated adjusted values can be used toidentify a preferred or optimized assignment, as illustrated in FIG.102A, or preferred or optimized solution (representing a high-qualitysolution), as illustrated in FIG. 102B.

In some implementations, penalty values may be used to calculateadjusted values for road segments or path portions during evaluation ofpaths, e.g. during determination of a shortest or optimal path betweentwo locations, as illustrated in FIG. 103 where adjusted values havebeen calculated for path portions to facilitate determination of ashortest path from location “1” to location “4”.

Using Estimated Traversal Values to Accelerate the Determination ofHigh-Quality Solutions to Routing Problems

According to various embodiments, methodologies for determininghigh-quality solutions to routing problems may involve computing ashortest or optimal path matrix containing shortest or optimal pathinformation for travel between locations involved in the routingproblem. As the number of locations involved in a routing problem grows,this begins to greatly increase the number of computations that arerequired to compute such a shortest or optimal path matrix. In general,for a routing problem involving n locations, approximately n*n shortestor optimal paths must be determined. Thus, for example, for a routingproblem involving one thousand locations, one million shortest oroptimal paths would have to be determined to compute the shortest oroptimal path matrix.

Computing such a matrix can be a cumbersome and time-consuming processand can delay the solution to a routing problem, e.g. a routingoptimization problem that involves a road network. However, in someimplementations a very fast approximation to road network travel timecan be obtained by using estimated distances and travel times (e.g.“crow flies” approximations such as a Euclidean distance or a distancecomputed using the Haversine formula). In a simplified example, adistance is computed using the Haversine formula, and then a reasonableestimate of a speed of a vehicle is used to calculate a travel timeestimate.

In some embodiments, a more complex estimate uses an estimate of thecurvature (e.g. curviness value) of roads in an area in order to weighta distance approximation (or a speed or time estimate). For example, ahighway or interstate would generally have very little curvature (e.g. alow curviness value) since it is generally straight allowing for a highrate of travel. Such an approach might, for example, involve taking intoaccount a curvature (e.g. curviness value) of roads around a startlocation, taking into account a curvature (e.g. curviness value) ofroads around a destination location, and taking into account a curvature(e.g. curviness value) of roads between such locations. A curvature(e.g. curviness value) for an area may be determined based on curvature(e.g. curviness values) for roads in the area (e.g. aggregating oraveraging curviness values for roads in the area).

In some embodiments, a methodology involves accelerating the solution toan optimization problem that involves a road network. While accuratesolutions to these problems generally require distances and travel timesto be computed while accounting for streets, turns, and predictedtraffic, in some embodiments a methodology involves first computingestimates or approximations of distances and travel times, and thenbeginning optimization for the problem using these approximations whilesimultaneously, in parallel, performing distance and travel timecomputations for the road network (e.g. computing a shortest or optimalpath matrix), gaining an overall speedup in the solution of theoptimization problem.

Returning again to the locations illustrated in FIG. 50, FIG. 104illustrates a calculated Euclidean distance estimate for travel fromlocation “1” to location “2”. According to various embodiments, thiscalculated Euclidean distance estimate value for travel from location“1” to location “2” can be stored in a shortest path or optimal pathmatrix, as illustrated in FIG. 105. This may be a shortest or optimalpath matrix that is eventually updated with computed shortest pathdistance values, or may be a different matrix. FIG. 106 similarlyillustrates a calculated Euclidean distance estimate value for travelfrom location “1” to location “3”. This calculated Euclidean distanceestimate value for travel from location “1” to location “3” can also bestored in the matrix, as illustrated in FIG. 107.

In some implementations, a calculated Euclidean distance estimate valuecan similarly be calculated and stored for traveling from each locationto each other location, as illustrated in FIG. 108. Further, estimatedtime values can be calculated based on these calculated Euclideandistance estimate values, and stored in a shortest or optimal pathmatrix, as illustrated in FIG. 109. This may be a shortest or optimalpath matrix that is eventually updated with computed shortest pathdistance values, or may be a different matrix.

In some embodiments, such calculated estimated distance values andcorresponding calculated estimated time values can be used to begindetermination of one or more high-quality solutions to a routingproblem. For example, FIG. 110 illustrates a first potential routevisiting all four locations which involves traversal from location “1”to location “2”, traversal from location “2” to location “3”, andtraversal from location “3” to location “4”. A total estimated traveltime for this route can be determined using the estimated travel timesfor shortest paths between these locations in the shortest path matrixwhich were generated based on the Euclidean distance estimate values.Thus, the route portion representing traversal from location “1” tolocation “2” can be determined based on the shortest path matrix to havean estimated travel time of 14 seconds, the route portion representingtraversal from location “2” to location “3” can be determined based onthe precomputed shortest path matrix to have an estimated travel time of14 seconds, and the route portion representing traversal from location“3” to location “4” can be determined based on the precomputed shortestpath matrix to have an estimated travel time of 26 seconds. A totalestimated travel time for the route can be calculated by summingtogether these estimated travel times for these route portions. Thisresults in a total estimated travel time for the first potential routeof 54 seconds, as illustrated in FIG. 110.

FIG. 111 illustrates a second potential route visiting all fourlocations which involves traversal from location “1” to location “3”,traversal from location “3” to location “4”, and traversal from location“4” to location “2”. According to various embodiments, a total estimatedtravel time for this route can be determined using the estimated traveltimes for shortest paths between these locations in the shortest pathmatrix which were generated based on the Euclidean distance estimatevalues. The route portion representing traversal from location “1” tolocation “3” can be determined based on the shortest path matrix to havean estimated travel time of 20 seconds, the route portion representingtraversal from location “3” to location “4” can be determined based onthe shortest path matrix to have an estimated travel time of 26 seconds,and the route portion representing traversal from location “4” tolocation “2” can be determined based on the shortest path matrix to havean estimated travel time of 32 seconds. These calculated estimatedtravel times for the route portions can be summed together to result ina total estimated travel time for the second potential route of 78seconds, as illustrated in FIG. 111.

According to various embodiments, a preferred or optimized route can beidentified based on the calculated total estimated travel times for eachpotential route, as illustrated in FIG. 112.

In some embodiments, a methodology involves, while beginningoptimization for the routing problem using these approximations,simultaneously, in parallel, performing distance and travel timecomputations for the road network (e.g. updating the shortest or optimalpath matrix with computed values), gaining an overall speedup in thesolution of the optimization problem. For example, FIG. 113 illustratesupdating of the shortest path matrix of FIG. 109 with computed valuesfor traversal from location “1” to location “2”.

In some implementations, as determination of high-quality solutions to arouting problem proceeds, these updated values may be used as they arecomputed, resulting in increasingly accurate optimization results. Insome embodiments, one or more determinations or calculations performedas part of a methodology for determining one or more high-qualitysolutions to a routing problem are performed using estimates orapproximate values, while one or more subsequent determinations ofcalculations performed as part of the same methodology are performedusing updated, more accurate computed values.

For example, returning again to the locations illustrated in FIG. 50 andthe routing problem illustrated in FIG. 75 in which two trucks are tovisit the four locations (assuming that each truck is to visit two ofthe locations), in some embodiments optimized assignments for the trucksmight be determined using values based on Euclidean or Haversineestimates, while more accurate high-quality solutions may subsequentlybe determined using more accurate, computed values.

FIG. 114 illustrates a first potential assignment for two trucks,generated in accordance with one or more embodiments. This firstpotential assignment involves, for a first truck, use of either a firstpotential route involving traversal from location “1” to location “2”,or a second potential route involving traversal from location “2” tolocation “1”. According to various embodiments, total estimated traveltime for each potential route for the first truck can be determinedusing the estimated travel times for shortest paths between theselocations in the shortest path matrix which were generated based on theEuclidean distance estimate values. It will be appreciated that, in thisexample, because the values are based on Euclidean distance estimates,the value for travel in a first direction is the same as a value fortravel in a second, opposite direction. Here, the routes involvingtraversal between location “1” and location “2” can be determined basedon the estimated travel times for shortest paths between these locationsin the shortest path matrix to have a total estimated travel time of 14seconds.

This first potential assignment further involves, for a second truck,use of either a first potential route involving traversal from location“3” to location “4”, or a second potential route involving traversalfrom location “4” to location “3”. In some implementations, totalestimated travel time for each potential route for the second truck canbe determined using the estimated travel times for shortest pathsbetween these locations in the shortest path matrix which were generatedbased on the Euclidean distance estimate values. It will be appreciatedthat, in this example, because the values are based on Euclideandistance estimates, the value for travel in a first direction is thesame as a value for travel in a second, opposite direction. Here, theroutes involving traversal between location “3” and location “4” can bedetermined based on the estimated travel times for shortest pathsbetween these locations in the shortest path matrix to have a totalestimated travel time of 26 seconds.

According to various embodiments, a total estimated travel time for thisfirst potential assignment can be determined by summing together theestimated travel times for each truck, as illustrated in FIG. 114. Here,a total estimated travel time for this first potential assignment can becalculated to be 40 seconds, as illustrated in FIG. 114.

FIG. 115 illustrates a second potential assignment for two trucks,generated in accordance with one or more implementations. This secondpotential assignment involves, for a first truck, use of either a firstpotential route involving traversal from location “1” to location “3”,or a second potential route involving traversal from location “2” tolocation “4”. A total estimated travel time for each potential route forthe first truck can be determined using the estimated travel times forshortest paths between these locations in the shortest path matrix whichwere generated based on the Euclidean distance estimate values. It willbe appreciated that, in this example, because the values are based onEuclidean distance estimates, the value for travel in a first directionis the same as a value for travel in a second, opposite direction. Here,the routes involving traversal between location “1” and location “3” canbe determined based on the estimated travel times for shortest pathsbetween these locations in the shortest path matrix to have a totalestimated travel time of 20 seconds.

This second potential assignment further involves, for a second truck,use of either a first potential route involving traversal from location“2” to location “4”, or a second potential route involving traversalfrom location “4” to location “2”, generated in accordance with one ormore implementations. A total estimated travel time for each potentialroute for the second truck can be determined using the estimated traveltimes for shortest paths between these locations in the shortest pathmatrix which were generated based on the Euclidean distance estimatevalues. It will be appreciated that, in this example, because the valuesare based on Euclidean distance estimates, the value for travel in afirst direction is the same as a value for travel in a second, oppositedirection. Here, the routes involving traversal between location “2” andlocation “4” can be determined based on the estimated travel times forshortest paths between these locations in the shortest path matrix tohave a total estimated travel time of 32 seconds.

According to various embodiments, a total estimated travel time for thissecond potential assignment can be determined by summing together theestimated travel times for each truck, as illustrated in FIG. 115. Here,a total estimated travel time for this first potential assignment can becalculated to be 52 seconds, as illustrated in FIG. 115.

FIG. 116 illustrates a third potential assignment for two trucks,generated in accordance with one or more embodiments. This thirdpotential assignment involves, for a first truck, use of either a firstpotential route involving traversal from location “1” to location “4”,or a second potential route involving traversal from location “2” tolocation “3”. A total estimated travel time for each potential route forthe first truck can be determined using the estimated travel times forshortest paths between these locations in the shortest path matrix whichwere generated based on the Euclidean distance estimate values. It willbe appreciated that, in this example, because the values are based onEuclidean distance estimates, the value for travel in a first directionis the same as a value for travel in a second, opposite direction. Here,the routes involving traversal between location “1” and location “4” canbe determined based on the estimated travel times for shortest pathsbetween these locations in the shortest path matrix to have a totalestimated travel time of 44 seconds.

This third potential assignment further involves, for a second truck,use of either a first potential route involving traversal from location“2” to location “3”, or a second potential route involving traversalfrom location “3” to location “2”. In some embodiments, a totalestimated travel time for each potential route for the second truck canbe determined using the estimated travel times for shortest pathsbetween these locations in the shortest path matrix which were generatedbased on the Euclidean distance estimate values. It will be appreciatedthat, in this example, because the values are based on Euclideandistance estimates, the value for travel in a first direction is thesame as a value for travel in a second, opposite direction. Here, theroutes involving traversal between location “2” and location “3” can bedetermined based on the estimated travel times for shortest pathsbetween these locations in the shortest path matrix to have a totalestimated travel time of 14 seconds.

According to various embodiments, a total estimated travel time for thisthird potential assignment can be determined by summing together theestimated travel times for each truck, as illustrated in FIG. 116. Here,a total estimated travel time for this first potential assignment can becalculated to be 58 seconds, as illustrated in FIG. 116.

According to various embodiments, the calculated total estimated traveltimes for each potential assignment can be compared to determine anoptimized or preferred assignment, as illustrated in FIG. 117. Theoptimized routes that were used to determine the calculated totalestimated travel times for each potential assignment may be used asoptimized routes for a routing solution, or additional determination ofoptimized routes may be performed. For example, although these optimizedassignments for the trucks were determined using values based onEuclidean distance estimates, a more accurate high-quality solution maysubsequently be determined using more accurate, computed values.

In this example, FIG. 118 illustrates use of updated computed values inthe shortest path matrix to determine an optimized order or route fortraversal between location “1” and location “2”. Here, it is determinedthat traversal from location “2” to location “1” has a shorter estimatedtravel time than traversal from location “1” to location “2”, asillustrated in FIG. 118.

FIG. 119 further illustrates an example of use of updated computedvalues in the shortest path matrix to determine an optimized order orroute for traversal between location “3” and location “4”. Here, it isdetermined that traversal from location “3” to location “4” has the sameestimated travel time as traversal from location “4” to location “3”, asillustrated in FIG. 119.

In some implementations, such calculations based on updated computedvalues in the shortest path matrix can be used in determining one ormore high-quality routing solutions. For example, FIG. 120 illustratescalculation of an estimated travel time, based on computed values, forthe assignment that was previously determined, based on estimatedvalues, to be preferred or optimized.

In some embodiments, a methodology may involve selectively computingshortest path information based on determinations made using estimatesor approximations. For example, with respect to the just outlinedexample, a methodology may only require computing accurate shortest pathvalues for paths determined to be part of a preferred or optimizedassignment, as illustrated in FIG. 121. More generally, a methodologymay involve only computing accurate shortest path values for pathsdetermined to be likely to be part of a high-quality routing solution(e.g. a preferred or optimized routing solution), or which cannot beruled out as being part of a high-quality routing solution.

In some embodiments, a more complex estimate can use an estimate of thecurvature (e.g. curviness value) of roads in an area in order to weighta distance approximation (or a speed or time estimate). For example,FIG. 122 illustrates an example of calculation of a deformed Euclideandistance estimate for travel from location “1” to location “2” using anarea curviness value of “1.2”.

Although some examples discussed herein employ Euclidean distanceestimates, in one or more preferred implementations, estimates orapproximations may use distance values calculated using the Haversineformula. For example, Haversine values may be calculated and thendeformed based on one or more estimates of curvature of roads in one ormore areas.

Using Determined Optimized Traffic Windows for Precomputing Optimal PathMatrices to Reduce Computer Resource Usage

Traffic patterns may frequently allow for quicker traversal of a roadsegment (or navigation from one road segment to another) at certaintimes of the day, and slower traversal at other times. According tovarious embodiments, to account for this, an example of average traveltimes may be determined for windows throughout the day, e.g. for 24 onehour windows, as illustrated in FIGS. 33-34, and determination of ashortest path may involve using the time estimates for a window withinwhich a current time falls, or within which an estimated time of travelfalls. Similarly, as noted above, a matrix containing calculated valuesfor determined shortest paths may be precomputed and stored for timewindows throughout the day, e.g. for 24 one-hour windows, as illustratedin FIG. 69. Notably, although a rate of travel for a road segmentgenerally changes throughout the day, in many contexts it changes slowlyand somewhat continuously as long as there are no surprise disruptionssuch as a car accident.

In some embodiments, it is desirable to break up a day (or week, month,or year) into as few time intervals (or windows) as possible where theoverall traffic during each window is similar and the speeds indifferent traffic windows is as different as possible. In someembodiments, a methodology involves assuming that the rate of travel oneach road segment is constant during a window, or using a simple,defined formula to determine an estimated travel time or speed during awindow.

In some implementations, the use of a reduced number of windows ascompared to, for example, twenty-four one-hour windows or forty-eightthirty-minute windows allows for more rapid precomputation of one ormore required shortest or optimal path matrices for a routing problem,and thus quicker determination of a solution with less resource usage(e.g. less processing time, less memory usage, and optionally lessstorage usage).

In some embodiments, one or more statistical methods may be applied todetermine the points in time that best partition a twenty-four-hour dayinto traffic windows such that the rate of travel within each window ismost constant. For example, FIG. 123 illustrates plotting of anormalized average travel time to traverse a particular road segmentthroughout the day. Each normalized average travel time value for aparticular time is calculated by dividing a minimum average travel timevalue for the road segment (the lowest value at any time throughout theday) by an average travel time at that particular time.

According to various embodiments, a similar methodology can be performedwith normalized speed values. For example, FIG. 124 illustrates plottingof a normalized average speed for a particular road segment throughoutthe day. Each normalized average speed value for a particular time iscalculated by dividing an average speed at that particular time by amaximum average speed value for the road segment (the highest value atany time throughout the day). Under either approach, variousmethodologies including statistical methodologies can be applied todetermine the points in time that best partition a day into trafficwindows. For purposes of a simplified example, FIG. 125 illustratesplotting of a normalized average travel time to traverse road segment ACduring each of twenty-four one-hour windows throughout the day. FIG. 126further includes plotting of a normalized average travel time totraverse road segments CA and AD during each of the same twenty-fourone-hour windows throughout the day.

In some embodiments, a best fit line can be calculated based on averagetravel time or speed values throughout a day, e.g. normalized averagetravel time or speed values. FIG. 127 illustrates an example of C Sharpstyle pseudocode for very simplified calculation of a best fit linebased on normalized average travel time values throughout the day. Forexample, returning to the simplified example of FIG. 125, FIG. 128illustrates calculation of a best fit average travel time value for asimplified best fit line for the window “0:00-0:59”. FIG. 129illustrates plotting of this best fit average travel time value for asimplified best fit line for the window “0:00-0:59”. FIG. 130illustrates similar plotting of similarly calculated best fit averagetravel time values for a simplified best fit line for other windows, andFIG. 131 illustrates how these values can be characterized as forming abest fit line.

In some embodiments, statistical methods are applied to best fit data ora best fit line or curve to find one or more inflection points in bestfit data, a best fit line, or a best fit curve. These are points where arate of change begins to change (e.g. a second derivative in calculus).In some embodiments, determined inflection points are used as cutoffpoints separating traffic windows. Returning to the simplified exampleof FIG. 125, FIG. 132 illustrates simplified calculation of a secondorder delta representing a change in the rate of change at the timeinterval “1:00-1:59”. This involves first calculating a delta in thebest fit line from time interval “0:00-0:59” to time interval“1:00-1:59”, which is calculated to be “0.0”. This further involvescalculating a delta in the best fit line from time interval “1:00-1:59”to time interval “2:00-2:59”, which is calculated to be “0.083”. Asecond order delta for time interval “1:00-1:59” can then be calculatedby determining a difference between the two calculated values, which iscalculated to be “0.083”.

The presented example illustrates a simple approach for calculating asecond order delta. This example is based on the rate of change for theone-hour interval prior to the current interval, and the one-hourinterval subsequent to the current interval. However, in someembodiments, other approaches could be used instead. For example,methodologies may be used which consider more than three hours of datain determining a second order delta, or which consider less than threehours of data in determining a second order delta.

In some embodiments, a determined value for a second order delta orderivative may be compared to a minimum threshold to determine whether aparticular time or time interval should be used as a cutoff to define atraffic window. Returning to the simplified example of FIG. 125, FIG.133 illustrates comparison of the calculated second order delta of FIG.132 to a threshold value, and determination that the calculated secondorder delta is greater than the threshold value, and thus that thecorresponding time interval should be used as a cutoff to define atraffic window. FIG. 134 illustrates that it has been determined thatthe corresponding time interval “1:00-1:59” should be used as a cutoffto define a traffic window.

According to various embodiments, similar calculations can be carried toidentify other time intervals which should be used as a cutoff to definea traffic window. FIG. 135 illustrates additional time intervals that ithas been determined should be used as a cutoff to define a trafficwindow. Such determined time intervals may be used to define a pluralityof traffic windows, as illustrated in FIG. 136.

FIG. 137 illustrates an example of C Sharp style pseudocode for verysimplified determination of times to be used for definition of trafficwindows. According to various embodiments, average travel times for eachroad segment may be determined for each of a plurality of determined anddefined windows, and determination of a shortest path may involve usingthe time estimates for a window within which a current time falls, orwithin which an estimated time of travel falls. Further, a matrixcontaining calculated values for determined shortest or preferred pathsmay be precomputed and stored for each of these time windows, asillustrated in FIG. 138.

In some embodiments, traffic windows may be determined using statisticalor other methodologies, and for each road segment an average travel timeor speed is computed during that window, and used to represent anestimated travel time or speed for that entire interval. In someembodiments, a shortest or optimal path matrix containing calculatedvalues for determined shortest or optimal paths is precomputed andstored for each determined traffic window. In some embodiments, trafficwindow determinations may be made for a particular problem or area.

In some embodiments, determining a number of traffic windows for whichshortest or optimal path information is precomputed allows for lesscomputation as compared to requiring on-demand, in-process determinationof a shortest or optimal path for a particular time during comparison ofpaths or routes performed as part of a process for determining asolution to a routing problem. In some embodiments, determining a numberof traffic windows for which shortest or optimal path information isprecomputed allows for quicker determination of a solution.

In some embodiments, reducing a number of traffic windows for whichshortest or optimal path information is precomputed allows for lesscomputation as compared to computation over an increased number ofintervals (e.g. twenty-four one-hour intervals). In some embodiments,reducing a number of traffic windows for which shortest or optimal pathinformation is precomputed allows for quicker determination of asolution with less resource usage (e.g. less processing time, lessmemory usage, and optionally less storage usage).

Using a Geo-Locator Service and Zone Servers to Reduce Computer ResourceRequirements for Determining High-Quality Solutions to Routing Problems

According to various embodiments, methodologies for determininghigh-quality solutions to routing problems may involve computing ashortest or optimal path for travel between locations involved in therouting problem. As noted above, as the number of locations involved ina routing problem grows, this begins to greatly increase the number ofcomputations that are required to compute such a shortest or optimalpath matrix. In some embodiments, for a routing problem involving nlocations, approximately n*n shortest or optimal paths must bedetermined. Thus, in some implementations, for a routing probleminvolving one thousand locations, one million shortest or optimal pathswould have to be determined to compute the shortest or optimal pathmatrix. Computing such a matrix can be a time-consuming process and candelay the solution to a routing problem, e.g. a routing optimizationproblem that involves a road network. Even more calculations andshortest path determinations may be required if data for various timeintervals throughout a day is to be taken into consideration.

As more and more calculations and computations become required for morecomplex problems, it becomes increasingly important to be able toquickly compute information for shortest or optimal paths, e.g. ashortest or optimal path matrix. Rapid computation may involve storingthe relevant data in memory, but storing data on a large road network inmemory (e.g. the road network for an entire state or country) requires alarge amount of memory. This can quickly escalate into requiring tens ofgigabytes of memory (e.g. random-access memory, or “RAM”), or even more.

While some routing problems may require use of road network data for anentire state or country, many routing problems may only require use ofroad network data for a much smaller area, such as a town, city, county,or portion of a state or country. It is inefficient to tie up a highvalue server having a large amount of memory to compute shortest oroptimal paths for a routing problem that is confined to a very smallgeographic area and only requires road network data for a very smallroad network.

For example, FIG. 139 illustrates an example of a geographic areacomprising a road network. In a traditional implementation approach, arequester 510 would communicate a request related to a routing probleminvolving specified locations to a server 520, as illustrated in FIG.140. This might, for example, be a request for one or more high-qualitysolutions to a routing problem involving specified locations, or mightbe a request for a shortest or optimal path matrix for specifiedlocations. The server 520 (or a related server) would include a largeamount of memory to allow for loading of road segment data for a largeroad network, e.g. the entire road network within the geographical area.

In some embodiments, a geographic area comprising a road network isdivided up into a plurality of zones, and one or more servers are usedfor each zone to provide routing solutions for that zone. For example,with respect to the example of geographic area illustrated in FIG. 139,each state could be characterized as its own zone, as illustrated inFIG. 141, where North Carolina is highlighted with an increasedthickness line to illustrate its characterization as a zone. Notably,zones can overlap one another, and can even be located entirely withinanother zone. For example, the entire geographic area illustrated inFIG. 139 might be a first zone, and the state of North Carolina might bea second zone.

In some embodiments, a server is provided for each of these zones, asillustrated in FIG. 142, where a server 620 includes data for a zonecorresponding to the geographic area illustrated in FIG. 139, and aserver 630 includes data for a zone corresponding to the state of NorthCarolina. In this example, the state of Florida would itself be anotherzone, as illustrated in FIG. 143, where Florida is highlighted with anincreased thickness line to illustrate its characterization as a zone.FIG. 144 illustrates additional provision of a server 640 including datafor a zone corresponding to the state of Florida.

In some embodiments, a single server may include data for two or morezones, as illustrated in FIG. 145, where server 730 includes data for afirst zone corresponding to the state of North Carolina and furtherincludes data for a second zone corresponding to the state of Florida.

In some embodiments, multiple zones may overlap with, or be nestedinside of, other overlapping or nesting zones. For example, FIG. 146illustrates a western portion of North Carolina that is highlighted withan increased thickness line to illustrate its characterization as azone, FIG. 147 illustrates a central portion of North Carolina that ishighlighted with an increased thickness line to illustrate itscharacterization as a zone, and FIG. 148 illustrates an eastern portionof North Carolina that is highlighted with an increased thickness lineto illustrate its characterization as a zone. FIG. 149 illustratesadditional provision of servers 650,660,670 including data for thesezones. As noted above, a single server may include data for two or morezones, and data for these zones could be found on a single server, asillustrated in FIG. 150, where a server 740 includes data for each ofthese zones.

As another example, FIG. 151 illustrates a geographic area comprisingthe states of Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina that ishighlighted with an increased thickness line to illustrate itscharacterization as a zone. FIG. 152 illustrates additional provision ofa server 680 including data for this zone.

In some embodiments, a geo-locator service is used to allow a requestorto determine what server to contact to receive information for a routingproblem. For example, FIG. 153 illustrates a server 690 comprising ageo-locator service 692 which contains information regarding the definedzones (e.g. sets of coordinates for defined boundaries of each of thezones). The geo-locator service 692 is configured to receive a list ofsets of coordinates for locations involved in a routing problem,determine the smallest zone that contains all of the locations, andreturn an indication of the determined zone or corresponding server.

As an example, consider a routing problem involving the three locationsillustrated in FIG. 154. In some embodiments, the server 690 hosting thelocator service 692 receives, from a requestor 610, a list comprisinginformation for these locations (e.g. in the form of latitude andlongitude coordinates for these locations), as illustrated in FIG. 155.

According to various embodiments, the locator service 692 accesses zonedata for defined zones and determines a smallest defined zone containingall of these locations, as illustrated in FIG. 156. For example, In someembodiments, each zone is defined by a plurality of sets of latitude andlongitude coordinates defining a boundary for that zone, and a locatorservice compares latitude and longitude coordinates for locationsinvolved in a routing problem to defined boundaries of defined zones toidentify a smallest defined zone containing all of the locationsinvolved in the routing problem.

In some implementations, a locator service 692 returns an identifier foran identified or determined zone, or an identifier or address for aserver corresponding to that identified or determined zone. In someembodiments, the locator service 692 returns a name of an identified ordetermined zone and a uniform resource locator corresponding to thatidentified or determined zone, as illustrated in FIG. 157.

According to various embodiments, a returned uniform resource locatorwhich corresponds to an identified or determined zone can be used toaccess one or more servers corresponding to that identified ordetermined zone, as illustrated in FIG. 158, where a list comprisinginformation for locations (e.g. in the form of latitude and longitudecoordinates for locations) is communicated from the requestor 610 to aserver 650 corresponding to the zone previously determined by therequestor service 692 to be the smallest defined zone containing all ofthe locations involved in the routing problem. A computed shortest oroptimal path matrix may be returned for the list of locations.

FIGS. 159-160 illustrate another example of determination of a smallestdefined zone containing all of the locations involved in a routingproblem.

In some implementations, communication of a list comprising informationfor locations may be communicated as part of a request for a shortest oroptimal path matrix, or as part of a request for one or morehigh-quality solutions to a routing problem. A response to such arequest may include a shortest or optimal path matrix, or one or morehigh-quality solutions to a routing problem.

FIG. 161 shows a block diagram of an example of an environment 16110that includes an on-demand database service configured in accordancewith some implementations. Environment 16110 may include user systems16112, network 16114, database system 16116, processor system 16117,application platform 16118, network interface 16120, tenant data storage16122, tenant data 16123, system data storage 16124, system data 16125,program code 16126, process space 16128, User Interface (UI) 16130,Application Program Interface (API) 16132, PL/SOQL 16134, save routines16136, application setup mechanism 16138, application servers 16150-1through 16150-N, system process space 16152, tenant process spaces16154, tenant management process space 16160, tenant storage space16162, user storage 16164, and application metadata 16166. Some of suchdevices may be implemented using hardware or a combination of hardwareand software and may be implemented on the same physical device or ondifferent devices. Thus, terms such as “data processing apparatus,”“machine,” “server” and “device” as used herein are not limited to asingle hardware device, but rather include any hardware and softwareconfigured to provide the described functionality.

An on-demand database service, implemented using system 16116, may bemanaged by a database service provider. Some services may storeinformation from one or more tenants into tables of a common databaseimage to form a multi-tenant database system (MTS). As used herein, eachMTS could include one or more logically and/or physically connectedservers distributed locally or across one or more geographic locations.Databases described herein may be implemented as single databases,distributed databases, collections of distributed databases, or anyother suitable database system. A database image may include one or moredatabase objects. A relational database management system (RDBMS) or asimilar system may execute storage and retrieval of information againstthese objects.

In some implementations, the application platform 18 may be a frameworkthat allows the creation, management, and execution of applications insystem 16116. Such applications may be developed by the database serviceprovider or by users or third-party application developers accessing theservice. Application platform 16118 includes an application setupmechanism 16138 that supports application developers' creation andmanagement of applications, which may be saved as metadata into tenantdata storage 16122 by save routines 16136 for execution by subscribersas one or more tenant process spaces 16154 managed by tenant managementprocess 16160 for example. Invocations to such applications may be codedusing PL/SOQL 16134 that provides a programming language style interfaceextension to API 16132. A detailed description of some PL/SOQL languageimplementations is discussed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No.7,730,478, titled METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR ALLOWING ACCESS TO DEVELOPEDAPPLICATIONS VIA A MULTI-TENANT ON-DEMAND DATABASE SERVICE, by CraigWeissman, issued on Jun. 1, 2010, and hereby incorporated by referencein its entirety and for all purposes. Invocations to applications may bedetected by one or more system processes. Such system processes maymanage retrieval of application metadata 16166 for a subscriber makingsuch an invocation. Such system processes may also manage execution ofapplication metadata 16166 as an application in a virtual machine.

In some implementations, each application server 16150 may handlerequests for any user associated with any organization. A load balancingfunction (e.g., an F5 Big-IP load balancer) may distribute requests tothe application servers 16150 based on an algorithm such asleast-connections, round robin, observed response time, etc. Eachapplication server 16150 may be configured to communicate with tenantdata storage 16122 and the tenant data 16123 therein, and system datastorage 16124 and the system data 16125 therein to serve requests ofuser systems 16112. The tenant data 16123 may be divided into individualtenant storage spaces 16162, which can be either a physical arrangementand/or a logical arrangement of data. Within each tenant storage space16162, user storage 16164 and application metadata 16166 may besimilarly allocated for each user. For example, a copy of a user's mostrecently used (MRU) items might be stored to user storage 16164.Similarly, a copy of MRU items for an entire tenant organization may bestored to tenant storage space 16162. A UI 16130 provides a userinterface and an API 16132 provides an application programming interfaceto system 16116 resident processes to users and/or developers at usersystems 16112.

System 16116 may implement a web-based geographic routing servicesystem. For example, in some implementations, system 16116 may includeapplication servers configured to implement and execute geographicrouting optimization software applications. The application servers maybe configured to provide related data, code, forms, web pages and otherinformation to and from user systems 16112. Additionally, theapplication servers may be configured to store information to, andretrieve information from a database system. Such information mayinclude related data, objects, and/or Webpage content. With amulti-tenant system, data for multiple tenants may be stored in the samephysical database object in tenant data storage 16122, however, tenantdata may be arranged in the storage medium(s) of tenant data storage16122 so that data of one tenant is kept logically separate from that ofother tenants. In such a scheme, one tenant may not access anothertenant's data, unless such data is expressly shared.

Several elements in the system shown in FIG. 161 include conventional,well-known elements that are explained only briefly here. For example,user system 16112 may include processor system 16112A, memory system16112B, input system 16112C, and output system 161 12D. A user system16112 may be implemented as any computing device(s) or other dataprocessing apparatus such as a mobile phone, laptop computer, tablet,desktop computer, or network of computing devices. User system 12 mayrun an internet browser allowing a user (e.g., a subscriber of an MTS)of user system 16112 to access, process and view information, pages andapplications available from system 16116 over network 16114. Network16114 may be any network or combination of networks of devices thatcommunicate with one another, such as any one or any combination of aLAN (local area network), WAN (wide area network), wireless network, orother appropriate configuration.

The users of user systems 16112 may differ in their respectivecapacities, and the capacity of a particular user system 16112 to accessinformation may be determined at least in part by “permissions” of theparticular user system 16112. As discussed herein, permissions generallygovern access to computing resources such as data objects, components,and other entities of a computing system, such as a routingoptimization, a social networking system, and/or a CRM database system.“Permission sets” generally refer to groups of permissions that may beassigned to users of such a computing environment. For instance, theassignments of users and permission sets may be stored in one or moredatabases of System 16116. Thus, users may receive permission to accesscertain resources. A permission server in an on-demand database serviceenvironment can store criteria data regarding the types of users andpermission sets to assign to each other. For example, a computing devicecan provide to the server data indicating an attribute of a user (e.g.,geographic location, industry, role, level of experience, etc.) andparticular permissions to be assigned to the users fitting theattributes. Permission sets meeting the criteria may be selected andassigned to the users. Moreover, permissions may appear in multiplepermission sets. In this way, the users can gain access to thecomponents of a system.

In some an on-demand database service environments, an ApplicationProgramming Interface (API) may be configured to expose a collection ofpermissions and their assignments to users through appropriatenetwork-based services and architectures, for instance, using SimpleObject Access Protocol (SOAP) Web Service and Representational StateTransfer (REST) APIs.

In some implementations, a permission set may be presented to anadministrator as a container of permissions. However, each permission insuch a permission set may reside in a separate API object exposed in ashared API that has a child-parent relationship with the same permissionset object. This allows a given permission set to scale to millions ofpermissions for a user while allowing a developer to take advantage ofjoins across the API objects to query, insert, update, and delete anypermission across the millions of possible choices. This makes the APIhighly scalable, reliable, and efficient for developers to use.

In some implementations, a permission set API constructed using thetechniques disclosed herein can provide scalable, reliable, andefficient mechanisms for a developer to create tools that manage auser's permissions across various sets of access controls and acrosstypes of users. Administrators who use this tooling can effectivelyreduce their time managing a user's rights, integrate with externalsystems, and report on rights for auditing and troubleshooting purposes.By way of example, different users may have different capabilities withregard to accessing and modifying application and database information,depending on a user's security or permission level, also calledauthorization. In systems with a hierarchical role model, users at onepermission level may have access to applications, data, and databaseinformation accessible by a lower permission level user, but may nothave access to certain applications, database information, and dataaccessible by a user at a higher permission level.

As discussed above, system 16116 may provide on-demand database serviceto user systems 16112 using an MTS arrangement. By way of example, onetenant organization may be a company that employs a sales force whereeach salesperson uses system 16116 to manage their sales process. Thus,a user in such an organization may maintain contact data, leads data,customer follow-up data, performance data, goals and progress data,etc., all applicable to that user's personal sales process (e.g., intenant data storage 16122). In this arrangement, a user may manage hisor her sales efforts and cycles from a variety of devices, sincerelevant data and applications to interact with (e.g., access, view,modify, report, transmit, calculate, etc.) such data may be maintainedand accessed by any user system 16112 having network access.

When implemented in an MTS arrangement, system 16116 may separate andshare data between users and at the organization-level in a variety ofmanners. For example, for certain types of data each user's data mightbe separate from other users' data regardless of the organizationemploying such users. Other data may be organization-wide data, which isshared or accessible by several users or potentially all users form agiven tenant organization. Thus, some data structures managed by system16116 may be allocated at the tenant level while other data structuresmight be managed at the user level. Because an MTS might supportmultiple tenants including possible competitors, the MTS may havesecurity protocols that keep data, applications, and application useseparate. In addition to user-specific data and tenant-specific data,system 16116 may also maintain system-level data usable by multipletenants or other data. Such system-level data may include industryreports, news, postings, and the like that are sharable between tenantorganizations.

In some implementations, user systems 16112 may be client systemscommunicating with application servers 16150 to request and updatesystem-level and tenant-level data from system 16116. By way of example,user systems 16112 may send one or more queries requesting data of adatabase maintained in tenant data storage 16122 and/or system datastorage 16124. An application server 16150 of system 16116 mayautomatically generate one or more SQL statements (e.g., one or more SQLqueries) that are designed to access the requested data. System datastorage 16124 may generate query plans to access the requested data fromthe database.

The database systems described herein may be used for a variety ofdatabase applications. By way of example, each database can generally beviewed as a collection of objects, such as a set of logical tables,containing data fitted into predefined categories. A “table” is onerepresentation of a data object, and may be used herein to simplify theconceptual description of objects and custom objects according to someimplementations. It should be understood that “table” and “object” maybe used interchangeably herein. Each table generally contains one ormore data categories logically arranged as columns or fields in aviewable schema. Each row or record of a table contains an instance ofdata for each category defined by the fields. For example, a CRMdatabase may include a table that describes a customer with fields forbasic contact information such as name, address, phone number, faxnumber, etc. Another table might describe a purchase order, includingfields for information such as customer, product, sale price, date, etc.In some multi-tenant database systems, standard entity tables might beprovided for use by all tenants. For routing applications, a table maydescribe geographic locations and/or distance information. For CRMdatabase applications, such standard entities might include tables forcase, account, contact, lead, and opportunity data objects, eachcontaining pre-defined fields. It should be understood that the word“entity” may also be used interchangeably herein with “object” and“table”.

In some implementations, tenants may be allowed to create and storecustom objects, or they may be allowed to customize standard entities orobjects, for example by creating custom fields for standard objects,including custom index fields. Commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No.7,779,039, titled CUSTOM ENTITIES AND FIELDS IN A MULTI-TENANT DATABASESYSTEM, by Weissman et al., issued on Aug. 17, 2010, and herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety and for all purposes, teachessystems and methods for creating custom objects as well as customizingstandard objects in an MTS. In certain implementations, for example, allcustom entity data rows may be stored in a single multi-tenant physicaltable, which may contain multiple logical tables per organization. Itmay be transparent to customers that their multiple “tables” are in factstored in one large table or that their data may be stored in the sametable as the data of other customers.

FIG. 162A shows a system diagram of an example of architecturalcomponents of an on-demand database service environment 16200,configured in accordance with some implementations. A client machinelocated in the cloud 16204 may communicate with the on-demand databaseservice environment via one or more edge routers 16208 and 16212. Aclient machine may include any of the examples of user systems 712described above. The edge routers 16208 and 16212 may communicate withone or more core switches 16220 and 16224 via firewall 16216. The coreswitches may communicate with a load balancer 16228, which maydistribute server load over different pods, such as the pods 16240 and16244 by communication via pod switches 16232 and 16236. The pods 16240and 16244, which may each include one or more servers and/or othercomputing resources, may perform data processing and other operationsused to provide on-demand services. Components of the environment maycommunicate with a database storage 16256 via a database firewall 16248and a database switch 16252.

Accessing an on-demand database service environment may involvecommunications transmitted among a variety of different components. Theenvironment 16200 is a simplified representation of an actual on-demanddatabase service environment. For example, some implementations of anon-demand database service environment may include anywhere from one tomany devices of each type. Additionally, an on-demand database serviceenvironment need not include each device shown, or may includeadditional devices not shown, in FIGS. 162A and 162B.

The cloud 16204 refers to any suitable data network or combination ofdata networks, which may include the Internet. Client machines locatedin the cloud 16204 may communicate with the on-demand database serviceenvironment 16200 to access services provided by the on-demand databaseservice environment 16200. By way of example, client machines may accessthe on-demand database service environment 16200 to retrieve, store,edit, and/or process geographic routing request information.

In some implementations, the edge routers 16208 and 16212 route packetsbetween the cloud 16204 and other components of the on-demand databaseservice environment 16200. The edge routers 16208 and 16212 may employthe Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). The edge routers 16208 and 16212 maymaintain a table of IP networks or ‘prefixes’, which designate networkreachability among autonomous systems on the internet.

In one or more implementations, the firewall 16216 may protect the innercomponents of the environment 16200 from internet traffic. The firewall16216 may block, permit, or deny access to the inner components of theon-demand database service environment 16200 based upon a set of rulesand/or other criteria. The firewall 16216 may act as one or more of apacket filter, an application gateway, a stateful filter, a proxyserver, or any other type of firewall.

In some implementations, the core switches 16220 and 16224 may behigh-capacity switches that transfer packets within the environment16200. The core switches 16220 and 16224 may be configured as networkbridges that quickly route data between different components within theon-demand database service environment. The use of two or more coreswitches 16220 and 16224 may provide redundancy and/or reduced latency.

In some implementations, communication between the pods 16240 and 16244may be conducted via the pod switches 16232 and 16236. The pod switches16232 and 16236 may facilitate communication between the pods 16240 and16244 and client machines, for example via core switches 16220 and16224. Also or alternatively, the pod switches 16232 and 16236 mayfacilitate communication between the pods 16240 and 16244 and thedatabase storage 16256. The load balancer 16228 may distribute workloadbetween the pods, which may assist in improving the use of resources,increasing throughput, reducing response times, and/or reducingoverhead. The load balancer 16228 may include multilayer switches toanalyze and forward traffic.

In some implementations, access to the database storage 16256 may beguarded by a database firewall 16248, which may act as a computerapplication firewall operating at the database application layer of aprotocol stack. The database firewall 16248 may protect the databasestorage 16256 from application attacks such as structure query language(SQL) injection, database rootkits, and unauthorized informationdisclosure. The database firewall 16248 may include a host using one ormore forms of reverse proxy services to proxy traffic before passing itto a gateway router and/or may inspect the contents of database trafficand block certain content or database requests. The database firewall16248 may work on the SQL application level atop the TCP/IP stack,managing applications' connection to the database or SQL managementinterfaces as well as intercepting and enforcing packets traveling to orfrom a database network or application interface.

In some implementations, the database storage 16256 may be an on-demanddatabase system shared by many different organizations. The on-demanddatabase service may employ a single-tenant approach, a multi-tenantapproach, a virtualized approach, or any other type of databaseapproach. Communication with the database storage 16256 may be conductedvia the database switch 16252. The database storage 16256 may includevarious software components for handling database queries. Accordingly,the database switch 16252 may direct database queries transmitted byother components of the environment (e.g., the pods 16240 and 16244) tothe correct components within the database storage 16256.

FIG. 162B shows a system diagram further illustrating an example ofarchitectural components of an on-demand database service environment,in accordance with some implementations. The pod 16244 may be used torender services to user(s) of the on-demand database service environment16200. The pod 16244 may include one or more content batch servers16264, content search servers 16268, query servers 16282, file servers16286, access control system (ACS) servers 16280, batch servers 16284,and app servers 16288. Also, the pod 16244 may include databaseinstances 16290, quick file systems (QFS) 16292, and indexers 16294.Some or all communication between the servers in the pod 16244 may betransmitted via the switch 16236.

In some implementations, the app servers 16288 may include a frameworkdedicated to the execution of procedures (e.g., programs, routines,scripts) for supporting the construction of applications provided by theon-demand database service environment 16200 via the pod 16244. One ormore instances of the app server 16288 may be configured to execute allor a portion of the operations of the services described herein.

In some implementations, as discussed above, the pod 16244 may includeone or more database instances 16290. A database instance 16290 may beconfigured as an MTS in which different organizations share access tothe same database, using the techniques described above. Databaseinformation may be transmitted to the indexer 16294, which may providean index of information available in the database 16290 to file servers16286. The QFS 16292 or other suitable filesystem may serve as arapid-access file system for storing and accessing information availablewithin the pod 16244. The QFS 16292 may support volume managementcapabilities, allowing many disks to be grouped together into a filesystem. The QFS 16292 may communicate with the database instances 16290,content search servers 16268 and/or indexers 16294 to identify,retrieve, move, and/or update data stored in the network file systems(NFS) 16296 and/or other storage systems.

In some implementations, one or more query servers 16282 may communicatewith the NFS 16296 to retrieve and/or update information stored outsideof the pod 16244. The NFS 16296 may allow servers located in the pod16244 to access information over a network in a manner similar to howlocal storage is accessed. Queries from the query servers 16222 may betransmitted to the NFS 16296 via the load balancer 16228, which maydistribute resource requests over various resources available in theon-demand database service environment 16200. The NFS 16296 may alsocommunicate with the QFS 16292 to update the information stored on theNFS 16296 and/or to provide information to the QFS 16292 for use byservers located within the pod 16244.

In some implementations, the content batch servers 16264 may handlerequests internal to the pod 16244. These requests may be long-runningand/or not tied to a particular customer, such as requests related tolog mining, cleanup work, and maintenance tasks. The content searchservers 16268 may provide query and indexer functions such as functionsallowing users to search through content stored in the on-demanddatabase service environment 16200. The file servers 16286 may managerequests for information stored in the file storage 16298, which maystore information such as documents, images, basic large objects(BLOBs), etc. The query servers 16282 may be used to retrieveinformation from one or more file systems. For example, the query system16282 may receive requests for information from the app servers 16288and then transmit information queries to the NFS 16296 located outsidethe pod 16244. The ACS servers 16280 may control access to data,hardware resources, or software resources called upon to render servicesprovided by the pod 16244. The batch servers 16284 may process batchjobs, which are used to run tasks at specified times. Thus, the batchservers 16284 may transmit instructions to other servers, such as theapp servers 16288, to trigger the batch jobs.

While some of the disclosed implementations may be described withreference to a system having an application server providing a front endfor an on-demand database service capable of supporting multipletenants, the disclosed implementations are not limited to multi-tenantdatabases nor deployment on application servers. Some implementationsmay be practiced using various database architectures such as ORACLE®,DB2® by IBM and the like without departing from the scope of presentdisclosure.

FIG. 163 illustrates one example of a computing device. According tovarious embodiments, a system 16300 suitable for implementingembodiments described herein includes a processor 16301, a memory module16303, a storage device 16305, an interface 16311, and a bus 16315(e.g., a PCI bus or other interconnection fabric.) System 16300 mayoperate as variety of devices such as an application server, a databaseserver, or any other device or service described herein. Although aparticular configuration is described, a variety of alternativeconfigurations are possible. The processor 16301 may perform operationssuch as those described herein. Instructions for performing suchoperations may be embodied in the memory 16303, on one or morenon-transitory computer readable media, or on some other storage device.Various specially configured devices can also be used in place of or inaddition to the processor 16301. The interface 16311 may be configuredto send and receive data packets over a network. Examples of supportedinterfaces include, but are not limited to: Ethernet, fast Ethernet,Gigabit Ethernet, frame relay, cable, digital subscriber line (DSL),token ring, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), High-Speed SerialInterface (HSSI), and Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI). Theseinterfaces may include ports appropriate for communication with theappropriate media. They may also include an independent processor and/orvolatile RAM. A computer system or computing device may include orcommunicate with a monitor, printer, or other suitable display forproviding any of the results mentioned herein to a user.

Any of the disclosed implementations may be embodied in various types ofhardware, software, firmware, computer readable media, and combinationsthereof. For example, some techniques disclosed herein may beimplemented, at least in part, by computer-readable media that includeprogram instructions, state information, etc., for configuring acomputing system to perform various services and operations describedherein. Examples of program instructions include both machine code, suchas produced by a compiler, and higher-level code that may be executedvia an interpreter. Instructions may be embodied in any suitablelanguage such as, for example, Apex, Java, Python, C++, C, HTML, anyother markup language, JavaScript, ActiveX, VBScript, or Perl. Examplesof computer-readable media include, but are not limited to: magneticmedia such as hard disks and magnetic tape; optical media such as flashmemory, compact disk (CD) or digital versatile disk (DVD);magneto-optical media; and other hardware devices such as read-onlymemory (“ROM”) devices and random-access memory (“RAM”) devices. Acomputer-readable medium may be any combination of such storage devices.

FIG. 164 illustrates a method 16400 for determining an optimized route,performed in accordance with one or more embodiments. According tovarious embodiments, the method 16400 may be performed by any suitableserver in communication with a client machine.

A routing request message is received at 16402. In some implementations,the routing request message may be received from a client deviceassociated with a client entity. The routing request message mayidentify a routing request. According to various embodiments, therouting request message may identify a set of geographic locations. Suchlocations may be identified by any suitable mechanism. For instance, ageographic location may be identified by street address, by GPScoordinates, or by some other means.

In some implementations, the routing request message may identify one ormore weighting parameters. Such weighting parameters may include, butare not limited to: penalties for left-hand turns, one or more weightsbased on route length, one or more weights associated with pairs ofdrivers and customers, and weights based on road types.

A geographic zone based on the routing request message is identified at16404. A zone server associated with the identified geographic zone isdetermined at 16406. According to various embodiments, a geographic areacomprising a road network may be divided up into a plurality of zones,and one or more servers are used for each zone to provide routingsolutions for that zone. For example, with respect to the example ofgeographic area illustrated in FIG. 139, each state could becharacterized as its own zone, as illustrated in FIG. 141, where NorthCarolina is highlighted with an increased thickness line to illustrateits characterization as a zone. Notably, zones can overlap one another,and can even be located entirely within another zone. For example, theentire geographic area illustrated in FIG. 139 might be a first zone,and the state of North Carolina might be a second zone.

In some implementations, a geographic zone for the request may beidentified by determining a zone that includes all or substantially allof the locations identified by the request received at 16402. Forinstance, the geographic zone that is selected may be the smallest zonethat includes all of the identified locations.

Route optimization information is retrieved from the zone server at16408. According to various embodiments, the route optimizationinformation may include, but is not limited to, all or a portion of ashortest path matrix identifying a shortest path between pairs ofgeographic locations within the zone. The shortest path matrix mayidentify, for example, transit times between pairs of points.

A route based on the routing request message and the route optimizationmessage is determined at 16410. In some implementations, the route maybe determined based on the route optimization information retrieved fromthe zone server and the geographic locations identified at 16402.Determining the route may involve determining interpolated valuesbetween pairs of points represented in the shortest path matrix. Forinstance, the shortest path matrix may be computed using roadintersections as vertices and roads as edges in a graph. However, one ormore of the locations included in the routing request may be located ata position between two intersections along a road. In such a situation,the transit time from one or more of the intersections may be estimatedby determining one or more interpolated values.

In some implementations, the route may be determined at least in partbased on one or more weighting parameters identified as discussed withrespect to the receipt of the routing request message at 16402. Forinstance, various preliminary routes may be computed, and then one ofthe computed routes may be selected based on the weighting parameters.

A response message identifying the route is transmitted at 16412.According to various embodiments, the route message may be provided inany suitable format for conveying the route determined at 16410. Forexample, the route message may include an ordered list of geographiclocations. As another example, the route message may include a URI to aroute on a map accessible via the internet.

FIG. 165 illustrates a method 16500 for determining an optimized route,performed in accordance with one or more embodiments. According tovarious embodiments, the method 16500 may be performed by any suitableserver in communication with a client machine.

A routing request message is received at 16502. In some implementations,the routing request message may be received from a client deviceassociated with a client entity. The routing request message mayidentify a routing request. According to various embodiments, therouting request message may identify a set of geographic locations. Suchlocations may be identified by any suitable mechanism. For instance, ageographic location may be identified by street address, by GPScoordinates, or by some other means.

In some implementations, the routing request message may identify a timeperiod. The time period may indicate, for instance, a period duringwhich the route is to be completed. The time period may indicate ageneric period of time during a weekday (e.g., 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM) ormay indicate a specific period of time that may span one or morespecific days.

One or more time windows based on the routing request message areidentified at 16504. According to various embodiments, each time windowmay correspond to a block of time, such as a two-hour block of time.Route optimization information such as shortest path information may becomputed for each time window to reflect the fact that transit timestend to vary over the day. In some configurations, one or more timewindows may be specific to a day of the week or some other unit ofanalysis. For instance, travel times may tend to be different onholidays and non-holidays, and on weekdays and weekends.

In some embodiments, the identified one or more time windows may be thesmallest set of time windows that include the time period identified inthe routing request. In some configurations, one or more of theidentified time windows may overlap. For instance, one time window mayspan the period from 9:00 AM to 11:00 AM, while another time period mayspan the period from 10:00 AM to 12:00 PM.

A geographic zone based on the routing request message is identified at16506. According to various embodiments, a geographic area comprising aroad network may be divided up into a plurality of zones, and one ormore servers may be used for each zone to provide routing solutions forthat zone. In some implementations, a geographic zone for the requestmay be identified by determining a zone that includes all orsubstantially all of the locations identified by the request received at16502. For instance, the geographic zone that is selected may be thesmallest zone that includes all of the identified locations.

Route optimization information is retrieved for the identified timewindows at 16508. According to various embodiments, the routeoptimization information may include, but is not limited to, all or aportion of a shortest path matrix identifying a shortest path betweenpairs of geographic locations within the zone. The shortest path matrixmay identify, for example, transit times between pairs of points.Different time windows may be associated with different shortest pathvalues.

A route based on the routing request message and the route optimizationmessage is determined at 16510. In some implementations, the route maybe determined based on the route optimization information retrieved at16508 and the geographic locations identified at 16502. In someembodiments, determining the route may involve evaluating differenttransit values for the same road at different times during the timeperiod identified at 16502.

In some embodiments, determining the route may involve determininginterpolated values between pairs of points represented in the shortestpath matrix. For instance, the shortest path matrix may be computedusing road intersections as vertices and roads as edges in a graph.However, one or more of the locations included in the routing requestmay be located at a position between two intersections along a road. Insuch a situation, the transit time from one or more of the intersectionsmay be estimated by determining one or more interpolated values.

A response message identifying the route is transmitted at 16512.According to various embodiments, the route message may be provided inany suitable format for conveying the route determined at 16510. Forexample, the route message may include an ordered list of geographiclocations. As another example, the route message may include a URI to aroute on a map accessible via the internet.

Various techniques and mechanisms described herein refer tooptimization, shortest path matrices, and other such terms. However, anoptimized solution is not necessarily the best possible solution acrossall dimensions. Similarly, a shortest path is not necessarily theshortest path either geographically or temporally. Instead, optimizedsolutions and shortest paths represent values produced by optimizationprocedures, which may be configured in various ways.

FIG. 166 illustrates a method 16600 for determining an optimized route,performed in accordance with one or more embodiments. According tovarious embodiments, the method 16600 may be performed at any suitablecomputing device, such as a server within an on-demand computingservices environment.

At 16602, a request to determine a weighting configuration for a clientis received. According to various embodiments, the request may bereceived as part of the execution of a method for determining a route inresponse to a routing request. For instance, the request may begenerated as part of the methods 16400 and/or 16500.

At 16604, a default weighting configuration is retrieved. According tovarious embodiments, the system may iteratively develop a defaultweighting configuration based at least in part by adjusting the weightsof any of a variety of route optimization weighting parameters based onclient feedback. For example, the system may at times present a clientwith two or more routes generated with different route optimizationparameter weighting schemes and ask that the client select one of theroutes. Based on the client's feedback, the default scheme may beupdated to strengthen the route optimization weighting parameters tomore closely match the set of route optimization parameters used togenerate the selected route.

In some implementations, a default weighting configuration may bedeveloped based at least in part based on other types of data. Such datamay include, but is not limited to: best practices, route optimizationrequests, typical time windows, observed appointments included inrouting requests, and other such information.

In some embodiments, different default weighting configurations may bedeveloped. For example, the system may develop different defaultweighting configurations based on location type (e.g., rural vs. urban),client type (e.g., small, medium, large), route type (e.g., service,delivery, etc.), or other such characteristics.

A client-specific weighting configuration may be retrieved at 16606.According to various embodiments, the system may iteratively develop aclient-specific weighting configuration in a fashion similar to thedefault weighting configuration.

One or more routes are determined based on the weighting configurationsat 16608. Then, at 16610, client feedback based on the one or moreroutes is received. In some embodiments, as discussed with respect tothe operations 16604 and 16606, different routes may be determined inresponse to the same routing request. The client may then select a routeto provide feedback as to which route best matches the client'spreferences. Alternately, or additionally, feedback may be received in adifferent way. For example, a client may provide specific input, such asidentifying a particular route as too long or deviated from preferencesin some other way.

At 16612, the default and/or client-specific weighting configurationsare updated. In some embodiments, the default and/or client-specificweighting configurations may be updated to reflect the feedback receivedat 16610. For example, the default and/or client-specific schemes may beupdated to strengthen the weights to more closely match the set ofoptimization parameters used to generate a route indicated in thefeedback as being selected. As another example, the default and/orclient-specific schemes may be updated to more closely match a specificparameter identified by the client in the feedback.

According to various embodiments, any of a variety of machine learningmethods may be used to update the default and/or client-specificweighting configuration. For example, an artificial neural network suchas a deep learning network may be employed.

According to various embodiments, one or more of the operations shown inFIG. 166 may be omitted. For example, if the client is not yetassociated with a client-specific weighting configuration, then such aconfiguration may not be retrieved at 16606. As another example, if theclient is associated with a robustly client-specific trained weightingconfiguration, then a default weighting configuration need not beretrieved at 16404.

According to various embodiments, many vehicle routing and fleetmanagement applications require a travel time matrix and a distancematrix. This can be thought of as a 2-dimensional grid where each entryis a measurement of the travel time, cost, or distance to get betweentwo locations. However, each entry in this matrix may involve performinga shortest path computation over the street network. The data for thestreet may be stored in memory and continental size street networkgraphs can require tens of gigabytes of RAM.

According to various embodiments, a geo-locator service may contain thepolygons representing the regions and may determine the smallest regioncontaining all of the locations in a request. A server may host themap/street network data, for instance in memory, for one or more of theregions.

According to various embodiments, the computation of a travel time ordistance matrix that accounts for the actual street network graph is acomputationally intensive task. Further, since the number of entries inthe matrix grows quadratically, these matrices can become quite largeeven for modest sized problems. Each entry in the matrix requires one toperform a shortest path computation on the underlying street networkgraph. For example, a 100-location problem may involve 100×100=10,000computations while a 1000 location problem may involve 1 millionshortest path computations. To do this quickly, the relevant data may bestored in memory, yet storing the entire street network graph for anentire country can require tens of gigabytes of RAM. Most routingproblems and/or requests for a travel time matrix do not require accessto a full national-level street network as all locations are oftencontained within a single city, state, or region.

In some embodiments, multiple matrices may be needed to solve a singleoptimization problem. If traffic is to be considered one may need amatrix representing the morning rush hour travel times, the afternoonrush hour travel times, and so on, requiring multiple matrices for eachproblem. Since users expect near real time response for someapplications, this matrix may need to be computed as quickly aspossible.

According to various embodiments, techniques and mechanisms describedherein may be used to accelerate the matrix computation, for instance bypartitioning the street network into smaller pieces. For example, the USmay be partitioned into 16 “zones” where historical data suggests thatindividual routing problems for a client are likely to be containedwithin a single zone (note that these zones may overlap). Afterpartitioning the street network into these zones, the data for each zonemay be hosted on a single server that is responsible for computing thetravel time and distance matrices for that zone. This allows thecomputations to be done more quickly and by using less computer memory.

According to various embodiments, the geo-locator service includes adatabase containing the information about each zone. For each zone, thegeo-locator service may store information such as zone name, latitudeand longitude of the “corner points” of the zone (i.e., the zoneboundary), and/or the name/URL of the computer/server hosting this data.Such information may be stored in a database. When the geo-locatorservice receives a request, it may check all of the zones to find asuitable zone, such as the smallest zone that contains all of thelocations in the routing problem request. The name and URL of the zonemay then be returned to the requestor who may then query the appropriatemachine for the relevant matrices required. Since each server hostingthe street network for a particular zone is hosting a much smalleramount of data than if a single server was hosting the entire continent,one can compute the matrices faster, use smaller machines with less RAM,and better balance the workload across a number of different servers.

According to various embodiments, typical solutions to routing problemstry to minimize travel time while adhering to hard time windowconstraints. In reality, however, many problems are multi-objective andthe user wishes to account for a variety of tradeoffs such as traveltime, importance of assigning certain drivers/vehicles to individualcustomers, visiting as many customers as possible, avoiding certainroads at some times of day, and so on. One or more embodiments providefor arbitrary constraints that describe certain features of a solutionto a problem. Each constraint may be assigned a penalty value or weightbased on how important it is—the higher the penalty, the more importantit is to adhere to this constraint. Mathematical optimization may beemployed to identify solutions that have as low a total score aspossible, where the score is the sum of the penalty violations.

According to various embodiments, different optimization problems mayhave different objects. These include, but are not limited to:minimizing travel time, minimizing the number of vehicles used, matchingdrivers to customers, minimizing overtime costs, maximizing the numberof high priority customers visited. A constraint may identify a yes/noquestion about the solution to a problem, such as:

-   -   Is the driver working more than 8 hours?,    -   Is the vehicle traveling more than 200 miles in a day?    -   Is customer x being serviced by driver y?    -   Is customer x being serviced on Wednesday between 9 am and 11 am    -   Does the driver get a lunch break?    -   Are we visiting at least 5 high priority customers today?    -   Does the first leg of a route exceed m miles?    -   Do items carried on the vehicle exceed a journey time of s        seconds?    -   Do items picked up and carried on the vehicle for delivery        exceed the fastest point-to-point delivery from pick up by more        than m minutes?    -   Are items scheduled for drop-off before an associated drop-off        deadline?    -   Are orders assigned to vehicles with attributes that are        undesirable for some orders (e.g., a refrigerated truck)?    -   Are locations in a first set visited before locations in a        second set?    -   Is a location the first order visited on a route?    -   Are two locations visited by the same driver?        A penalty may identify a numerical quantity assigned to each        instance in a solution when a constraint is violated. For        example, if a driver is driving more than 8 hours on a day, the        solution is penalized 5 points. Optionally, the solution is        penalized an additional 1 point for every 10 minutes over the        8-hour limit.

According to various embodiments, a constraint may be specific to one ormore characteristics, such as orders, shifts, vehicles, time intervals

In some embodiments, the overall quality of the solution may then becomputed as the sum of all of these penalties which measures which rulesare broken and how important each of those violations is to the user'soverall preferences. By viewing these problems as multi-objective, thesystem may tailor the solution to match what the user really wants.Additionally, the system can provide multiple solutions back to the userto allow them to pick which solution they feel best addresses theirneeds.

According to various embodiments, techniques and mechanisms describedherein may accelerate the solution to an optimization problem thatinvolves the street network. Accurate solutions to these problems mayinvolve determining distances and travel times to be computed whileaccounting for streets, turns, and/or predicted traffic. Distances andtravel times may first be computed with approximations based on “crowflies” and accounting for a general “windiness” of the road network. Thesystem can then begin optimizing the problem using these approximationswhile simultaneously doing these distance and travel time computationsover the street network, gaining an overall speedup in the solution ofthe optimization problem.

In some implementations, one inputs into a vehicle routing problem orfleet management problem over the road network is the travel timematrix. This can be thought of as a 2-dimensional grid showing the timeor distance between any two pairs of locations. In reality these traveltimes on the road network are not symmetric—getting from A to B mayrequire longer than getting from B to A due to one way streets, trafficlights, etc. However, one should note that for a routing probleminvolving n locations, there are approximately n*n paths that must becomputed—so 1,000,000 paths if one has a routing problem involving 1000locations.

In some implementations, a very fast approximation to the street networktravel time can be obtained by using so-called “crow flies” distancesand travel times. In some configurations, the system may compute thedistance using the Haversine formula and then make a reasonable guess asto the speed of the car/truck/bike/pedestrian to get a travel timeestimate. A more complex estimate may employ an estimate for the“curvature” of roads in the area in order to weight the “crow flies”distance appropriately depending on how “not straight” roads in the areaare. For example, a highway/interstate would have very little“curvature” since it is generally straight allowing for a high rate oftravel.

In some implementations, the “crow flies” distance can be computed veryquickly using either a Pythagorean approximation using only the latitudeand longitude of the points, or a slightly more complex computationusing the Haversine formula. Either of these methods may besubstantially faster than the shortest path computations that must bedone to compute a path between two points over the street network, andthe curvature of the roads in an area can also be precomputed. Thus,when a complex fleet management or vehicle routing problem must besolved, the system may first compute the approximate distances andtravel times using this shortcut method and begin solving the problem,assigning stops to vehicles, determining which day to visit each stop,and so on. Then in parallel the system may compute the actual traveltimes and distances over the street network using shortest path graphalgorithms. When this computation is complete the system may thenreplace the approximate travel times and distances with these actualvalues and then continue the optimization solution using this moreprecise data.

According to various embodiments, it is possible to predict traffic onsome street segment by storing historical rates of travel gathered bymonitoring vehicles equipped with GPS, mobile applications that reportposition, and so on. Commercial map data both store this information andexpose it by assigning a “traffic pattern” to each street segment. Thisis an estimate of the speed at regularly spaced intervals. Intuitively,while the rate of travel changes throughout the day, it changes slowlyand somewhat continuously as long as there are no surprise disruptionssuch as a car accident (which cannot be predicted). For our purposes,the day may ideally be broken up into as few time intervals (calledtraffic windows) as possible where the overall traffic during theseintervals is similar and the speeds in different traffic windows is asdifferent as possible. By having fewer traffic windows, the system canassume that the rate of travel on each segment is constant during thiswindow, increasing the computation speed for the computation of shortestpaths and travel time matrices.

Consider a plot of relative rate of travel on each street compared tomaximum speed (represented by 1.0). Such a plot would exhibit nearmaximum speed until about Sam when things start to slow down due to moretraffic. Morning rush hour often hits its peak between 8 AM and 9 AM,the slowest point of the day. Things speed up over mid-day until slowingdown again for rush hour. The segments in such a plot may represent aroad leading from the outside of a city to downtown and is thus typicalof driving with the traffic in the morning but in the opposite directionof traffic in the evenings.

According to various embodiments, one or more statistical methods may beapplied to this data to find the “inflection” points in these curves.These are points where the rate of change begins to change, similar to asecond derivative in calculus. By finding the most important inflectionpoints across these patterns the system may be are able to determine themost logical cutoff points separating each window. With these windowsdefined, for each road segment the system may compute the average travelspeed on the road during the window and use that to represent the travelspeeds per road for that entire interval. By reducing the number oftraffic windows, the system can do less precomputation than if it usedevery interval (i.e. hourly) and it can customize them to what best fitsa particular region.

It will be appreciated that stylized, simplified examples are describedherein for purposes of clarity of description. Actual implementationsmay involve more complexity.

In the foregoing specification, various techniques and mechanisms mayhave been described in singular form for clarity. However, it should benoted that some embodiments include multiple iterations of a techniqueor multiple instantiations of a mechanism unless otherwise noted. Forexample, a system uses a processor in a variety of contexts but can usemultiple processors while remaining within the scope of the presentdisclosure unless otherwise noted. Similarly, various techniques andmechanisms may have been described as including a connection between twoentities. However, a connection does not necessarily mean a direct,unimpeded connection, as a variety of other entities (e.g., bridges,controllers, gateways, etc.) may reside between the two entities.

In the foregoing specification, reference was made in detail to specificembodiments including one or more of the best modes contemplated by theinventors. While various implementations have been described herein, itshould be understood that they have been presented by way of exampleonly, and not limitation. For example, some techniques and mechanismsare described herein in the context of on-demand computing environmentsthat include MTSs. However, the techniques of disclosed herein apply toa wide variety of computing environments. Particular embodiments may beimplemented without some or all of the specific details describedherein. In other instances, well known process operations have not beendescribed in detail in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring thedisclosed techniques. Accordingly, the breadth and scope of the presentapplication should not be limited by any of the implementationsdescribed herein, but should be defined only in accordance with theclaims and their equivalents.

1. A method comprising: receiving a route optimization request messageat a server within an on-demand computing services environment, theroute optimization request message identifying a first plurality ofgeographic locations associated with a routing request from a cliententity; identifying via a processor one of a plurality of geographiczones based on the route optimization request message, the identifiedgeographic zone including the first plurality of geographic locationsand a second plurality of geographic locations; retrieving routeoptimization information from a designated one of a plurality of zoneservers, the designated zone server being associated with the identifiedgeographic zone, the route optimization information identifying transitinformation between each of a plurality of pairs of the second pluralityof geographic locations; determining a route to traverse the firstplurality of geographic locations based on the retrieved routeoptimization information; and transmitting, via a communicationinterface, a response message identifying the route to a client machineassociated with the client entity.
 2. The method recited in claim 1,wherein a designated geographic area is included in two or more of thegeographic zones.
 3. The method recited in claim 1, wherein theidentified geographic zone is the smallest of the plurality of zonesthat includes the first plurality of geographic locations.
 4. The methodrecited in claim 1, wherein the transit information identifies a firstplurality of transit time values, each transit time value identifying arespective transit time between two or more of the second plurality ofgeographic locations.
 5. The method recited in claim 4, whereindetermining the route to traverse the first plurality of geographiclocations involves determining a second plurality of transit time valuesby interpolating from two or more of the first plurality of transit timevalues.
 6. The method recited in claim 5, wherein one or more of thefirst plurality of transit time values are determined by the designatedzone server based on one or more observed travel time values.
 7. Themethod recited in claim 5, wherein each of the first plurality oftransit time values is stored in a shortest path matrix computed by thedesignated zone server.
 8. The method recited in claim 1, wherein theserver is included within an on-demand computing services environmentconfigured to provide computing services to a plurality of clients via anetwork, the plurality of clients including the client entity.
 9. Acomputing device configured to perform a method, the method comprising:receiving a route optimization request message at a server within anon-demand computing services environment, the route optimization requestmessage identifying a first plurality of geographic locations associatedwith a routing request from a client entity; identifying via a processorone of a plurality of geographic zones based on the route optimizationrequest message, the identified geographic zone including the firstplurality of geographic locations and a second plurality of geographiclocations; retrieving route optimization information from a designatedone of a plurality of zone servers, the designated zone server beingassociated with the identified geographic zone, the route optimizationinformation identifying transit information between each of a pluralityof pairs of the second plurality of geographic locations; determining aroute to traverse the first plurality of geographic locations based onthe retrieved route optimization information; and transmitting, via acommunication interface, a response message identifying the route to aclient machine associated with the client entity.
 10. The computingdevice recited in claim 9, wherein a designated geographic area isincluded in two or more of the geographic zones.
 11. The computingdevice recited in claim 9, wherein the identified geographic zone is thesmallest of the plurality of zones that includes the first plurality ofgeographic locations.
 12. The computing device recited in claim 9,wherein the transit information identifies a first plurality of transittime values, each transit time value identifying a respective transittime between two or more of the second plurality of geographiclocations.
 13. The computing device recited in claim 9, whereindetermining the route to traverse the first plurality of geographiclocations involves determining a second plurality of transit time valuesby interpolating from two or more of the first plurality of transit timevalues.
 14. The computing device recited in claim 9, wherein one or moreof the first plurality of transit time values are determined by thedesignated zone server based on one or more observed travel time values.15. One or more non-transitory machine-readable media havinginstructions stored thereon for performing a method, the methodcomprising: receiving a route optimization request message at a serverwithin an on-demand computing services environment, the routeoptimization request message identifying a first plurality of geographiclocations associated with a routing request from a client entity;identifying via a processor one of a plurality of geographic zones basedon the route optimization request message, the identified geographiczone including the first plurality of geographic locations and a secondplurality of geographic locations; retrieving route optimizationinformation from a designated one of a plurality of zone servers, thedesignated zone server being associated with the identified geographiczone, the route optimization information identifying transit informationbetween each of a plurality of pairs of the second plurality ofgeographic locations; determining a route to traverse the firstplurality of geographic locations based on the retrieved routeoptimization information; and transmitting, via a communicationinterface, a response message identifying the route to a client machineassociated with the client entity.
 16. The one or more non-transitorymachine-readable media recited in claim 15, wherein a designatedgeographic area is included in two or more of the geographic zones. 17.The one or more non-transitory machine-readable media recited in claim15, wherein the identified geographic zone is the smallest of theplurality of zones that includes the first plurality of geographiclocations.
 18. The one or more non-transitory machine-readable mediarecited in claim 15, wherein the transit information identifies a firstplurality of transit time values, each transit time value identifying arespective transit time between two or more of the second plurality ofgeographic locations.
 19. The one or more non-transitorymachine-readable media recited in claim 15, wherein determining theroute to traverse the first plurality of geographic locations involvesdetermining a second plurality of transit time values by interpolatingfrom two or more of the first plurality of transit time values.
 20. Theone or more non-transitory machine-readable media recited in claim 15,wherein one or more of the first plurality of transit time values aredetermined by the designated zone server based on one or more observedtravel time values.